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. 2022 May 23;10(3):e02408-21. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02408-21

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Copyright © 2022 Esmaeilishirazifard et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

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FIG 2 — The intra- and interindividual relationships of venom and oral microbiomes in N. nigricollis. Comparison of the oral and venom microbiomes in three N. nigricollis individuals by (A) PCoA, (B) UPGMA tree, and (C) class-level taxonomic profiling following 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis indicates separate clustering of the microbiota in the two microenvironments. (D) Within-animal incidence comparisons of OTUs suggest (E) unique taxa exist within the oral but also the venom microenvironments. (F) Between-animal comparisons per niche (E1, E2, and oral) indicate most OTUs are shared, but some OTUs are unique to each animal for each site. Dots in panels A and B represent individual N. nigricollis (N. nig) animal data and are colored/labeled by sample type (black, oral; red, envenomation 1 [E1]; blue, envenomation 2 [E2]). Relative taxonomic diversity profiles in panel C are aligned to the UPGMA tree sample labels, with the Shannon-Wiener index (SWI) of each sample indicated. The “venom” histogram in panel E represents the sum OTU fraction found in the two envenomation samples per individual (± standard deviation).