Table 3.

Perceived Stress Scale Individual Questions (n =16)

		Median (IQR)	p
PSS Question	Pretest	Posttest
1. In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?	2 (1.75, 3)	2 (1, 2)	0.141
2. In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?	2 (1.75, 3)	2 (1, 2)	0.038**
3. In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and “stressed”?	3 (2, 4)	2 (1.75, 3)	0.005**
4. In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?*	2 (2, 2)	3 (2, 3)	0.033**
5. In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way?*	2 (2, 3)	3 (2, 3)	0.059
6. In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do?	2 (1, 2)	1 (0.75, 2)	0.031**
7. In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life?*	2 (2, 2.25)	3 (3, 3)	0.005**
8. In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things?*	2 (2, 3)	3 (2, 3.25)	0.008**
9. In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that were outside your control?	2 (1.75, 3)	1 (1, 2)	0.012**
10. In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?	2 (1, 2)	1 (1, 1.25)	0.029**

Note: IQR = interquartile range

^*positively-phrased questions are reverse-scored for PSS total scoring

^**p ≤ 0.05