Table 3.
Race/ethnicity-specific prevalence of masked hypertension and masked uncontrolled hypertension using awake, asleep, and 24-hour blood pressure and thresholds in the 2017 ACC/AHA blood pressure guideline
| Antihypertensive medication use | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White (n = 620) | Non-Hispanic Black (n = 408) | Hispanic (n = 191) | Other (n = 73) | P value | Non-Hispanic White (n = 40) | Non-Hispanic Black (n = 392) | Hispanic (n = 0) | Other (n = 0) | P value | |
| Prevalence (95% confidence interval) | Prevalence (95% confidence interval) | |||||||||
| Masked hypertension by high awake, asleep, or 24-hour BP | 48.7 (44.8, 52.6) |
67.6 (63.1, 72.2) |
35.1 (28.3, 41.9) |
37.0 (25.9, 48.1) |
<0.001 | 62.5 (47.5, 77.5) |
76.8 (72.6, 81.0) |
— | — | 0.050 |
| Masked hypertension by high awake BPa | 34.5 (30.8, 38.3) |
39.7 (35.0, 44.5) |
19.4 (13.8, 25.0) |
24.7 (14.8, 34.5) |
<0.001 | 45.0 (29.6, 60.4) |
42.9 (38.0, 47.8) |
— | — | 0.794 |
| Four mutually exclusive groups | Prevalence (95% confidence interval) | Prevalence (95% confidence interval) | ||||||||
| No masked hypertension | 51.3 (47.4, 55.2) |
32.4 (27.8, 36.9) |
64.9 (58.2, 71.7) |
63.0 (51.9, 74.1) |
<0.001 | 37.5 (22.5, 52.5) |
23.2 (19.0, 27.4) |
— | — | 0.028 |
| Masked hypertension by high awake BP only | 4.0 (2.5, 5.6) |
2.7 (1.1, 4.3) |
1.6 (0.0, 3.3) |
0.0 (0.0, 0.0) |
7.5 (0.0, 15.7) |
2.6 (0.8, 4.1) |
— | — | ||
| Masked hypertension by high asleep or 24-hour BP but non-high awake BP | 14.2 (11.5, 16.9) |
27.9 (23.6, 32.3) |
15.7 (10.6, 20.8) |
12.3 (4.8, 19.9) |
17.5 (5.7, 29.3) |
33.9 (29.2, 38.6) |
- | - | ||
| Masked hypertension by high awake BP and high asleep or 24-hour BP | 30.5 (26.9, 34.1) |
37.0 (32.3, 41.7) |
17.8 (12.4, 23.2) |
24.7 (14.8, 34.5) |
37.5 (22.5, 52.5) |
40.3 (35.5, 45.2) |
— | — | ||
Numbers in table are within-race/ethnic group percentages (95% confidence interval). Masked hypertension refers to participants not taking antihypertensive medication and masked uncontrolled hypertension refers to participants taking antihypertensive medication. Abbreviations: ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure; ACC, American College of Cardiology; AHA, American Heart Association; BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
aMasked hypertension was defined by hypertensive awake BP, ignoring asleep and 24-hour BP. In all cohorts, we excluded participants who had office SBP/DBP ≥130/80 mm Hg. High awake BP was defined as mean SBP ≥130 mm Hg or DBP ≥80 mm Hg based on all awake readings. High asleep BP as mean SBP ≥110 mm Hg or DBP ≥65 mm Hg based on all asleep readings. High 24-hour BP as mean SBP ≥125 mm Hg or DBP ≥75 mm Hg over the entire ABPM period. There were only non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black among participants taking antihypertensive medication.