Table 5.
Adjusted odds ratios of masked hypertension and masked uncontrolled hypertension defined using blood pressure thresholds in the 2018 ESC/ESH arterial hypertension guidelines
| Antihypertensive medication use | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic White (n = 887) | Non-Hispanic Black (n = 603) | Hispanic (n = 300) | Other (n = 103) | Non-Hispanic White (n = 57) | Non-Hispanic Black (n = 612) | Hispanic (n = 0) | Other (n = 0) | |
| Four mutually exclusive groups | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||||||
| No masked hypertension | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Masked hypertension by high awake BP only | 1 (ref) | 1.35 (0.66, 2.77) |
1.29 (0.52, 3.20) |
0.46 (0.06, 3.65) |
1 (ref) | 0.29 (0.07, 0.79) |
— | — |
| Masked hypertension by high asleep or 24-hour BP but non-high awake BP | 1 (ref) | 2.65 (1.83, 3.84) |
1.00 (0.58, 1.72) |
1.02 (0.46, 2.26) |
1 (ref) | 1.89 (0.76, 4.71) |
— | — |
| Masked hypertension by high awake BP and high asleep or 24-hour BP | 1 (ref) | 1.85 (1.33, 2.57) |
1.00 (0.63, 1.58) |
0.58 (0.27, 1.26) |
1 (ref) | 1.57 (0.72, 3.41) |
— | — |
Numbers in table are odds ratios (95% confidence interval). We excluded participants who had office SBP/DBP ≥140/90 mm Hg and participants who did not have a complete ABPM recording or had missing for antihypertensive medication use. Hypertensive awake BP was defined as SBP ≥135 mm Hg or DBP ≥85 mm Hg while awake, hypertensive asleep BP as SBP ≥120 mm Hg or DBP ≥70 mm Hg while asleep and hypertensive 24-hour BP as SBP ≥130 mm Hg or DBP ≥80 mm Hg over the entire ABPM period. Adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for having masked hypertension by race/ethnicity (reference: non-Hispanic White) defined using awake, asleep, or 24-hour BP vs. awake BP only were shown. Odds ratios were adjusted for age, sex, education less than high school, current smoking, alcohol intake, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, prevalent diabetes, glucose-lowering medication use, history of cardiovascular disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and office-measured SBP, DBP, and heart rate. Participants taking antihypertensive medication included non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks only. Abbreviations: ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; ACC, American College of Cardiology; AHA, American Heart Association; BP, blood pressure; CIs, confidence intervals; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; ESH, European Society of Hypertension; SBP, systolic blood pressure.