Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to ethnic groups: Whites, Mestizo, and Afro-descendant.
| Characteristics | Overall | White | Mestizo | Afro-descendant |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n (%) | 3,745 | 552 (14.7) | 2,746 (73.3) | 447 (11.9) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 50.8 (9.40) | 51.8 (9.29) | 50.6 (9.44) | 50.3 (9.23) |
| Sex | ||||
| Men, n (%) | 1,367 (36.5) | 195 (35.3) | 1,016 (37.0) | 156 (34.9) |
| Women, n (%) | 2,378 (63.5) | 357 (64.7) | 1,730 (63.0) | 291 (65.1) |
| Location | ||||
| Urban, n (%) | 1,598 (42.7) | 340 (61.6) | 1,149 (41.8) | 109 (24.4) |
| Rural, n (%) | 2,147 (57.3) | 212 (38.4) | 1,597 (58.2) | 338 (75.6) |
| Blood pressure measurement | ||||
| SBP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 128.6 (21.8) | 129.7 (22.0) | 127.7 (21.4) | 133.2 (22.9) |
| DBP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 80.6 (13.1) | 81.2 (11.1) | 80.0 (13.5) | 83.1 (13.0) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1,464 (39.1) | 229 (41.5) | 1,031 (37.5) | 204 (45.6) |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||
| HGS, kg,mean (SD) | 27.16 (10.53) | 26.78 (9.59) | 27.15 (10.71) | 27.67 (10.73) |
| Height, cm, mean (SD) | 158.4 (9.05) | 158.9 (8.98) | 157.8 (9.11) | 161.7 (8.49) |
| Weight, kg, mean (SD) | 66.1 (13.25) | 67.0 (13.56) | 65.6 (13.29) | 68.0 (12.24) |
| BMI, kg/cm2, mean (SD) | 26.35 (4.95) | 26.55 (4.96) | 26.36 (4.98) | 26.06 (4.76) |
| WC, cm, mean (SD) | 86.15 (11.36) | 85.86 (11.74) | 86.15 (11.25) | 86.47 (11.59) |
| HC, cm, mean (SD) | 97.21 (10.13) | 97.28 (9.77) | 96.72 (10.16) | 100.17 (9.88) |
| WHR, mean (SD) | 0.89 (0.09) | 0.88 (0.09) | 0.89 (0.10) | 0.86 (0.08) |
| Education level | ||||
| Low, n (%) | 2,553 (68.2) | 289 (52.4) | 1,955 (71.2) | 309 (69.1) |
| Middle, n (%) | 721 (19.3) | 116 (21.0) | 502 (18.3) | 103 (23.0) |
| High, n (%) | 471 (12.6) | 147 (26.6) | 289 (10.5) | 35 (7.8) |
| Behavioral characteristics | ||||
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 2,491 (66.5) | 356 (64.5) | 1,811 (66.0) | 324 (72.5) |
| Current | 500 (13.4) | 56 (10.1) | 384 (14.0) | 60 (13.4) |
| Ex-smoker | 754 (20.1) | 140 (25.4) | 551 (20.1) | 63 (14.1) |
| Consumption of alcohol, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 2,082 (55.6) | 335 (60.7) | 1,484 (54.0) | 263 (58.8) |
| Current | 1,102 (29.4) | 145 (26.3) | 808 (29.4) | 149 (33.3) |
| Ex-drinker | 561 (15.0) | 72 (13.0) | 454 (16.5) | 35 (7.8) |
| Daily calories intake, mean (SD) | 2,251 (1034) | 2,219 (925) | 2,269 (1058) | 2,178 (1011) |
| Na/K intake, mean (SD) | 0.72 (0.23) | 0.69 (0.22) | 0.71 (0.22) | 0.77 (0.27) |
| Fat intake, %, mean (SD) | 18.29 (4.84) | 18.80 (4.83) | 18.28 (4.92) | 17.74 (4.32) |
| Protein intake,%, mean (SD) | 15.80 (3.27) | 16.04 (3.01) | 15.50 (3.16) | 17.32 (3.80) |
| Solid fuel cooking n (%) | 1,018 (27.2) | 103 (18.7) | 859 (31.3) | 56 (12.5) |
| Income | ||||
| ≥350 USD, n (%) | 1,170 (31.2) | 285 (51.6) | 801 (29.2) | 84 (18.8) |
| <350USD, n (%) | 2,575 (68.8) | 267 (48.4) | 1,945 (70.8) | 363 (81.2) |
Data are presented as the mean and standard deviation (SD) or as number (n) and percentage (%). Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HGS, hand grip strength; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; Na/K intake, sodium/potassium intake.