Table 2.
Association between hypertension, sociodemographic factors, and anthropometric measures according to ethnicity
| Univariate* | Multivariate* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | Mestizo | Afro-descendant | White | Mestizo | Afro-descendant | |
| PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Male | 1.02 (0.83 to 1.26) | 0.98 (0.88 to 1.08) | 0.93 (0.75 to 1.16) | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.2) | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.07) | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.13) |
| Age | ||||||
| <50 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| ≥50 years | 1.98 (1.57 to 2.48) | 2.36 (2.12 to 2.64) | 1.99 (1.6 to 2.47) | 1.91 (1.52 to 2.4) | 2.17 (1.94 to 2.43) | 1.84 (1.46 to 2.32) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| F: (12.9–24.5); M: (16.4–23.2) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| F: (24.6–28.3); M: (23.3 -26.4) | 1.27 (0.96 to 1.68) | 1.32 (1.15 to 1.51) | 1.27 (0.98 to 1.65) | 1.03 (0.78 to 1.37) | 1.17 (1.01 to 1.35) | 1.09 (0.8 to 1.48) |
| F: (28.4–76.8); M: (26.5–66.6) | 1.69 (1.31 to 2.18) | 1.67 (1.47 to 1.89) | 1.35 (1.05 to 1.74) | 1.34 (0.98 to 1.82) | 1.28 (1.08 to 1.51) | 1.03 (0.7 to 1.51) |
| WC (cm) | ||||||
| F: (47.1–79.5); M: (45–83.0) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| F: (79.6–89.0); M: (83.1–92.0) | 1.84 (1.38 to 2.45) | 1.28 (1.12 to 1.47) | 1.43 (1.07 to 1.92) | 1.49 (1.06 to 2.08) | 1.08 (0.92 to 1.26) | 1.25 (0.87 to 1.8) |
| F: (89.1–150.7); M: (92.1–138) | 1.93 (1.45 to 2.55) | 1.82 (1.6 to 2.06) | 1.56 (1.19 to 2.05) | 1.34 (0.9 to 2.0) | 1.3 (1.07 to 1.56) | 1.27 (0.8 to 2.03) |
| WHR | ||||||
| F: (0.46–0.83); M: (0.55–0.91) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| F: (0.84–0.88); M: (0.92–0.96) | 1.54 (1.18 to 2.01) | 1.16 (1.01 to 1.32) | 1.32 (1.04 to 1.68) | 1.1 (0.82 to 1.48) | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.14) | 1.23 (0.93 to 1.62) |
| F: (0.89–2.22); M: (0.97–2.38) | 1.58 (1.22 to 2.05) | 1.5 (1.33 to 1.7) | 1.33 (1.02 to 1.72) | 1.07 (0.78 to 1.45) | 1.01 (0.87 to 1.16) | 0.9 (0.66 to 1.24) |
| HGW | ||||||
| F: (0.40–1.45); M: (0.57–1.61) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| F: (0.31–0.39); M: (0.45–0.56) | 1.08 (0.83 to 1.4) | 1.1 (0.97 to 1.26) | 1.37 (1.04 to 1.8) | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.09) | 0.91 (0.8 to 1.03) | 1.12 (0.86 to 1.47) |
| F: (0.05–0.30); M: (0.11–0.44) | 1.25 (0.98 to 1.6) | 1.5 (1.33 to 1.69) | 1.55 (1.19 to 2.0) | 0.83 (0.65 to 1.07) | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.14) | 1.18 (0.89 to 1.57) |
| Education level | ||||||
| High | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Middle | 1.45 (1.07 to 1.96) | 1.0 (0.81 to 1.25) | 1.16 (0.64 to 2.09) | 1.57 (1.16 to 2.11) | 1.11 (0.9 to 1.36) | 1.44 (0.85 to 2.41) |
| Low | 1.34 (1.02 to 1.74) | 1.31 (1.09 to 1.57) | 1.81 (1.06 to 3.09) | 1.62 (1.21 to 2.17) | 1.46 (1.21 to 1.75) | 2.14 (1.3 to 3.53) |
| Location | ||||||
| Urban | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Rural | 0.8 (0.64 to 0.99) | 0.89 (0.8 to 0.98) | 0.92 (0.73 to 1.15) | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.23) | 1.01 (0.9 to 1.13) | 0.84 (0.66 to 1.07) |
| Income | ||||||
| ≥350 USD | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| <350 USD | 0.94 (0.77 to 1.14) | 0.87 (0.79 to 0.97) | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.22) | 1.0 (0.79 to 1.27) | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.94) | 0.95 (0.72 to 1.26) |
| Solid fuel cooking | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.97) | 0.76 (0.53 to 1.1) | 0.6 (0.41 to 0.86) | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.05) | 0.85 (0.58 to 1.24) | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.97) |
*Prevalence ratios and 95% CI from the univariate and multivariate using Poisson regression models with robust standard errors. In multivariate analysis prevalence ratios and 95% CI were adjusted by age, location, income, home cooking with solid fuels, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and handgrip adjusted by bodyweight. Bold values are statistically significant. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference, WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; HGW, hand grip strength adjusted by weight; F , female; M, male; PR, prevalence ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.