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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Educ Res. 2021 Mar 15;114(3):222–232. doi: 10.1080/00220671.2021.1901066

Table 2.

Energy Sources Named by Knowledge Groups and Grades

Low (n=96) na / % Medium (n=105) n / % High (n=90) n / % Subtotal
Foods b 53 / 55.21 66 / 62.86 69 / 76.67 188
Water and beverages 32 / 33.33 32 / 30.47 20 / 22.22 84
Oxygen, air & breathing 14 / 14.58 17 / 16.19 9 / 10.00 40
Body parts and/or organs 15 / 15.63 16 / 15.24 12 / 13.33 43
Exercise and/or training 17/ 17.71 18 / 17.14 5 / 5.56 40
Sleeping, taking breaks and/or other sedentary activities 8 / 8.33 8 / 7.62 8/ 8.89 24

6th (n=108) n / % 7th (n=92) n / % 8th (n=91) n / % Subtotal

Foods b 58 / 53.70 58 / 63.04 72 / 78.02 188
Water and beverages 30 / 27.78 27 / 29.35 27 / 29.67 84
Oxygen, air & breathing 13 / 12.04 13 / 14.13 14 / 15.38 40
Body parts and/or organs 22 / 20.37 13 / 14.13 8 / 8.79 43
Exercise and/or training 17 / 15.74 14 / 15.21 9 / 9.89 40
Sleeping, taking breaks, and/or other sedentary activities 10 / 9.26 6 / 6.52 8 / 8.79 24
a

n represents cumulative frequencies by energy source types. For example, a student could be tallied three times when s/he named food, water, and heart as energy sources.

b

Foods include general response “food/s,” specific items such as “bread,” and nutrient groups such as “carbohydrates,” “fats,” and “protein.”