Figure 2 legend:

Effects of an elevated F/B ratio and decreased SCFA-producing bacteria on cardiometabolic health and psoriatic disease. Psoriasis and sleep dysfunction have both been demonstrated to promote intestinal dysbiosis, partially characterized by an 1) increased F/B ratio and 2) reduced SCFA-producing bacteria within the gut. 1A) An increased F/B ratio is associated with high TMAO production, which is linked to greater risk of cardiovascular disease. 1B) An increased F/B ratio promotes obesity and insulin resistance, in part due to its influence on carbohydrate metabolism. 2A) Loss of butyrate, an anti-inflammatory SCFA, permits a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state, impairing the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier. This allows for bacterial DNA and other antigens to translocate from the gut to systemic circulation, where they may act to trigger an immune response at distant sites, such as skin and joints.