. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis. 2020 Oct 13;6(1):27–37. doi: 10.1177/2475530320964781

Table 2.

Dysbiotic patterns, an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and decreased abundance of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria, have been linked to various effects on systemic inflammation and cardiometabolic health.

Gut microbiome imbalance	Effect on systemic inflammation and cardiometabolic health
↑ F/B ratio	-Associated with an increase in proatherogenic TMAO production -Linked to obesity and insulin resistance in several studies -Observed in heart disease patients and hypertensive mice -Alters carbohydrate metabolism of SCFAs and MCFAs
↓ SCFA-producing bacteria (includes Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides spp., and others)	- Observed in obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and carotid artery disease patients -Butyrate, a SCFA, has key anti-inflammatory properties and has been shown to suppress Th17 and induce Treg cell development and expansion -Butyrate reduces appetite and supports glucose homeostasis -SCFAs are key energy sources for intestinal epithelial cells -SCFAs help to maintain intestinal epithelial barrier integrity

Gut microbiome imbalance

Effect on systemic inflammation and cardiometabolic health

↑ F/B ratio

-Associated with an increase in proatherogenic TMAO production
-Linked to obesity and insulin resistance in several studies
-Observed in heart disease patients and hypertensive mice
-Alters carbohydrate metabolism of SCFAs and MCFAs

↓ SCFA-producing bacteria (includes Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides spp., and others)

- Observed in obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and carotid artery disease patients
-Butyrate, a SCFA, has key anti-inflammatory properties and has been shown to suppress Th17 and induce Treg cell development and expansion
-Butyrate reduces appetite and supports glucose homeostasis
-SCFAs are key energy sources for intestinal epithelial cells
-SCFAs help to maintain intestinal epithelial barrier integrity

Key: F/B: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, SCFA: short-chain fatty acid, MCFA: medium-chain fatty acid, TMAO: Trimethylamine-N-oxide