Fig. 2.

The mechanism of abnormal differentiation in hematopoietic stem cells driven by tumor‐derived G‐CSF and GM‐CSF. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) have high affinity for their receptors, and then downstream signaling pathways are activated, including JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and RAS/Raf1/MEK pathways. These signaling pathways play a significant role in regulating the differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by inducing the transcription of target genes such as Bcl‐xl, C‐myc, Cyclin D1, Survivin, S100A8, and S100A9. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]