Fig. 3.

Tumor‐promoting effects and mechanisms of tumor‐associated cells. Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor‐associated neutrophils (TANs), and myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are the main ingredients of the tumor microenvironment (TME). These cell types promote tumor invasion and metastasis through angiogenesis, regulatory T‐cell expansion, and incomplete T‐cell activation. HSC, hematopoietic stem cell; DC, dendritic cell; Treg, regulatory T‐cell. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]