Table 2.

Alterations of blood cells in tumor‐bearing hosts. HSC, hematopoietic stem cell; MDSC, myeloid‐derived suppressor cell; WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell; PLT, platelets; PCT, plateletcrit; EO, eosinophils; BASO, basophils; NURO, neutrophil; NLR, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet to lymphocyte ratio; NEUT%, percentage of neutrophils; EPO, erythropoietin; TPO, thrombopoietin; PDGF, platelet‐derived growth factor; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor‐β; G‐CSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor; FLT3L, fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐3 ligand; GM‐CSF, granulocyte and macrophage colony stimulating factor; IL‐3, interleukin‐3; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; M‐CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor; SCF, stem cell factor; IL‐2, interleukin‐2.

Blood cells	Alteration	Related factors
HSC	Two‐fold increase in seven different types of tumors in human	TGF‐β, G‐CSF, FLT3L, GM‐CSF, IL‐3, IL‐6, TPO, M‐CSF, or a combination of IL‐3/IL‐6/SCF [10]
MDSC	Increase immunosuppression effect	GM‐CSF and IL‐6 [5, 10]
WBC	3‐ to 7‐fold increase in mouse mammary tumors	IL‐2 [11]
RBC	Decreased hematocrit, red blood cells, hemoglobin	IL‐3, IL‐6, TPO, M‐CSF [11]
PLT	PLT and PCT increase in mouse mammary cancer	PDGF and P‐selectin [12]
EO	EO decreases in human breast cancer	LSK [12]
BASO	BASO decreases in mouse mammary tumor	TGF‐β, IL‐3 [12]
NURO	NEUT% decreases in mouse mammary tumor	IL‐3, IL‐6, TPO, M‐CSF [11]
Lymphocyte	NLR and PLR decrease in human breast cancer, the number of Treg increases	EPO [13]