Table 3.

Roles of G‐CSF and GM‐CSF in solid cancers. G‐CSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor; GM‐CSF, granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor; MDSC, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells.

Tumor type	G‐CSF	GM‐CSF
Prostate cancer	Increase cancer stem cell phenotype
Melanoma	Tumorigenic	Antiangiogenic or induction of MDSCs
Colorectal cancer	Tumorigenic	immune‐independent mediated antitumor effect
Bladder carcinoma	Autocrine growth
Glioma	Angiogenic, induction of MDSCs, autocrine/paracrine growth
Lung cancer	Angiogenic, induction of MDSCs
Hepatocellular carcinoma	Accumulation of MDSCs, splenic EMH	Accumulation of MDSCs, splenic EMH
Acute myeloid leukemia	Proliferation of leukemia cells or provide better chemotherapy response	Proliferation of leukemia cells or neutrophils recovery