Fig 7. Bile acid (BA) enhances SADS-CoV replication through endosomal acidification.

Porcine intestinal enteroid (PIE) monolayers were pretreated with (A) NH₄Cl and (B) bafilomycin A1 at the indicated concentrations for 1 h before infection, and harvested at 48 hpi. NH₄Cl and bafilomycin A1 were supplemented during and post-infection. (C) PIE monolayers were treated with either medium alone, 100 μM CA, 100 μM cholic acid (CA) plus 30 mM NH₄Cl or 100 μM CA plus 200 nM bafilomycin A1 for 1 h, washed with PBS three times and incubated with 200 nM LysoTracker for 30 min at 37°C (scale bar, 10 μm). Images were collected on an LSM880 confocal laser-scanning microscope (Zeiss). Data are from three independent experiments. P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test; *: p < .05; **: p < .01; ***: p < .001; ns, not significant.