TABLE 2.
CSF markers in asphyxiated HIE versus asphyxiated non-HIE cases
| Study | Biomarker | Gestation | Case type | Age sampling | Case mean | SD | No. | Control type | Control mean | SD | No. | Score (Δ% ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell damage | ||||||||||||
| Hussein et al. (2010) | NSE ng/ml | >37 wk | HIE | 5–6d | 32.48 | 11.54 | 5 | l’or 5’-Apgar < 5, normal, low NSE | 6.7 | 1.5 | 25 | 162 |
| Hussein et al. (2010) | NSE ng/ml | >37 wk | l’or 5’-Apgar < 5, normal, high NSE | 5–6d | 13.7 | 4.11 | 10 | l’or 5’-Apgar < 5, normal, low NSE | 6.7 | 1.5 | 25 | 51 |
| Hussein et al. (2010) | NSE ng/ml | >37 wk | HIE | 5–6d | 32.48 | 11.54 | 5 | Total normal | 8.7 | 19.5 | 35 | 32 |
| Vasiljevic et al. (2011) | NSE ng/L | 32–37 wk | HIE severe | 3–5d | 54.8 | 19.5 | 9 | HIE mild | 15.4 | 8.2 | 57 | 144 |
| Vasiljevic et al. (2011) | NSE ng/L | 32–37 wk | HIE moderate | 3–5d | 33.9 | 16.2 | 24 | HIE mild | 15.4 | 8.2 | 57 | 62 |
| Vasiljevic et al. (2011) | NSE ng/L | 32–37 wk | Severe or moderate | 3–5d | 39.6 | 25.4 | 33 | HIE mild | 15.4 | 8.2 | 57 | 85 |
| Combo Hussein et al. (2010), Vasiljevic etal. (2011) | 287 | 238 | 38 | 100 | 58 | 82 | 96 | |||||
| Fernandez et al. (1986) | LDH U/L | >37 wk | Abnormal/died at 1 year | Id | 118 | 96 | 6 | Asphyxiated, normal at 1 year | 42 | 44 | 19 | 0 |
| Fernandez et al. (1986) | LDH1 U/L | >37 wk | Abnormal/died at 1 year | Id | 15 | 12 | 6 | Asphyxiated, normal at 1 year | 10 | 17 | 19 | 0 |
| Fernandez et al. (1986) | LDH2 U/L | >37 wk | Abnormal/died at 1 year | Id | 38.5 | 24 | 6 | Asphyxiated, normal at 1 year | 15 | 13 | 19 | 0 |
| Fernandez et al. (1986) | LDH3 U/L | >37 wk | Abnormal/died at 1 year | Id | 50 | 32 | 6 | Asphyxiated, normal at 1 year | 15 | 13 | 19 | 0 |
| Fernandez et al. (1986) | LDH4 U/L | >37 wk | Abnormal/died at 1 year | Id | 10 | 20 | 6 | Asphyxiated, normal at 1 year | 5 | 9 | 19 | 0 |
| Fernandez et al. (1986) | LDH5 U/L | >37 wk | Abnormal/died at 1 year | Id | 5.5 | 12 | 6 | Asphyxiated, normal at 1 year | 2 | 4 | 19 | 0 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | LPO nmol/h/dl | NA | Mortality | 12–48 hr | 21.43 | 4.36 | 10 | Recovered | 13.79 | 4.42 | 16 | 16 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | LPO nmol/h/dl | NA | Morbidity (HIE-II) | 12–48 hr | 17.98 | 4.62 | 8 | Recovered | 13.79 | 4.42 | 16 | 0 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | LPO nmol/h/dl | NA | Subtotal | 12–48 hr | 19.9 | 4.69 | 18 | Recovered | 13.79 | 4.42 | 16 | 10 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | CPKU/I | NA | Mortality | 12–48 hr | 156 | 56.76 | 10 | Recovered | 20.16 | 8.62 | 16 | 450 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | CPKU/I | NA | Morbidity | 12–48 hr | 21.75 | 9.31 | 8 | Recovered | 20.16 | 8.62 | 16 | 0 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | CPKU/I | NA | Sick or dead | 12–48 hr | 96.33 | 80.33 | 18 | Recovered | 20.16 | 8.62 | 16 | 157 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | CPKU/I | NA | Dead | 12–48 hr | 156 | 56.76 | 10 | Recovered or sick | 20.69 | 13 | 24 | 432 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | Total calcium mg/dl | NA | Mortality | 12–48 hr | 7.32 | 1.13 | 10 | Recovered | 6.65 | 1.43 | 16 | 0 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | Total calcium mg/dl | NA | Morbidity | 12–48 hr | 6.02 | 0.73 | 8 | Recovered | 6.65 | 1.43 | 16 | 0 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | Total calcium mg/dl | NA | Subtotal | 12–48 hr | 6.74 | 1.16 | 18 | Recovered | 6.65 | 1.43 | 16 | 0 |
| Free radicals | ||||||||||||
| Hussein et al. (2010) | TH carr units | >37 wk | 1’ or 5’-Apgar < 5 | 5–6d | 150.6 | 71.1 | 5 | 1’ or 5’-Apgar < 5, normal, low NSE | 101.8 | 10.5 | 25 | 0 |
| Hussein et al. (2010) | TH carr units | >37 wk | 1’ or 5’-Apgar < 5 | 5–6d | 150.6 | 71.1 | 5 | 1’ or 5’-Apgar < 5, normal, high NSE | 112.4 | 37.9 | 10 | 0 |
| Hussein et al. (2010) | TH carr units | >37 wk | 1’ or 5’-Apgar < 5 | 5–6d | 150.6 | 71.1 | 5 | Total normal | 104.8 | 47.9 | 35 | 0 |
| Kumar et al. (2008) | Malondialdehyde μmol/L | >37 wk | HIE 1 | 24–48 hr | 1.42 | 0.34 | 14 | Perinatal asphyxia, no HIE | 1.25 | 0.28 | 10 | 0 |
| Kumar et al. (2008) | Malondialdehyde μmol/L | >37 wk | HIE II | 24–48 hr | 1.73 | 0.27 | 9 | Perinatal asphyxia, no HIE | 1.25 | 0.28 | 10 | 6 |
| Kumar et al. (2008) | Malondialdehyde μmol/L | >37 wk | HIE III | 24–48 hr | 2.12 | 0.45 | 17 | Perinatal asphyxia, no HIE | 1.25 | 0.28 | 10 | 35 |
| Kumar et al. (2008) | Malondialdehyde μmol/L | >37 wk | Subtotal | 24–48 hr | 1.79 | 0.48 | 40 | Perinatal asphyxia, no HIE | 1.25 | 0.28 | 10 | 15 |
| Batra et al. (1998) | XO μmol/min/ml | NA | HIE dead | 24–48 hr | 8.89 | 2.41 | 5 | Recovered | 2.29 | 1.42 | 15 | 123 |
| Batra et al. (1998) | XO μmol/min/ml | NA | Asphyxia sick | 24–48 hr | 5.11 | 3.36 | 10 | Recovered | 2.29 | 1.42 | 15 | 0 |
| Batra et al. (1998) | 02- μmol/min/dl | NA | HIE dead | 24–48 hr | 1.92 | 0.96 | 5 | Recovered | 1.66 | 1.07 | 15 | 0 |
| Batra et al. (1998) | 02- μmol/min/dl | NA | Asphyxia sick | 24–48 hr | 2.19 | 1.41 | 10 | Recovered | 1.66 | 1.07 | 15 | 0 |
| Batra et al. (1998) | 02- μmol/min/dl | NA | Subtotal | 24–48 hr | 2.1 | 1.25 | 15 | Recovered | 1.66 | 1.07 | 15 | 0 |
| Batra et al. (1998) | H202 μg/h/ml | NA | HIE dead | 24–48 hr | 448.4 | 186.9 | 5 | Recovered | 362.8 | 251.5 | 15 | 0 |
| Batra et al. (1998) | H202 μg/h/ml | NA | Asphyxia sick | 24–48 hr | 433.8 | 148.6 | 10 | Recovered | 362.8 | 251.5 | 15 | 0 |
| Batra et al. (1998) | H202 μg/h/ml | NA | Subtotal | 24–48 hr | 438.7 | 155.6 | 15 | Recovered | 362.8 | 251.5 | 15 | 0 |
| Batra et al. (1998) | NO μg/ml | NA | HIE dead | 24–48 hr | 83.82 | 25.59 | 5 | Recovered | 43.72 | 17.9 | 15 | 0 |
| Batra et al. (1998) | NO μg/ml | NA | Asphyxia sick | 24–48 hr | 67.44 | 19.82 | 10 | Recovered | 43.72 | 17.9 | 15 | 0 |
| Batra et al. (1998) | NO μg/ml | NA | Subtotal | 24–48 hr | 72.9 | 22.4 | 15 | Recovered | 43.72 | 17.9 | 15 | 16 |
| Antioxidants | ||||||||||||
| Hussein et al. (2010) | BAPs μmol/L | >37 wk | 1’ or 5’-Apgar < 5 | 5–6d | 1,330.6 | 479.2 | 5 | 1’ or 5’-Apgar < 5, normal, low NSE | 1,139.4 | 196.5 | 25 | 0 |
| Hussein et al. (2010) | BAPs μmol/L | >37 wk | 1’ or 5’-Apgar < 5 | 5–6d | 1,330.6 | 479.2 | 5 | 1’ or 5’-Apgar < 5, normal, high NSE | 1,458.3 | 717.8 | 10 | 0 |
| Hussein et al. (2010) | BAPs μmol/L | >37 wk | 1’ or 5’-Apgar < 5 | 5–6d | 1,330.6 | 479.2 | 5 | Total normal | 1,230.5 | 1,124.6 | 35 | 0 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | SOD U/ml | NA | Mortality | 12–4 hr | 59.54 | 42.17 | 10 | Recovered | 40.62 | 29.59 | 16 | 0 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | SOD U/ml | NA | Morbidity | 12–48 hr | 71.27 | 39.86 | 8 | Recovered | 40.62 | 29.59 | 16 | 0 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | SOD U/ml | NA | Sub | 12–48 hr | 64.75 | 40.39 | 18 | Recovered | 40.62 | 29.59 | 16 | 0 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | GPX nmol/min/dl | NA | Mortality | 12–48 hr | 0.82 | 0.63 | 10 | Recovered | 0.82 | 0.51 | 16 | 0 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | GPX nmol/min/dl | NA | Morbidity | 12–48 hr | 0.63 | 0.35 | 8 | Recovered | 0.82 | 0.51 | 16 | 0 |
| Ray et al. (1998) | GPX nmol/min/dl | NA | Subtotal | 12–48 hr | 0.74 | 0.52 | 18 | Recovered | 0.82 | 0.51 | 16 | 0 |
| Vasiljevic et al. (2011) | GPX (U/L) | 32–37 wk | HIE severe | 2d | 166.1 | 27.4 | 9 | HIE mild | 106.6 | 29.5 | 57 | 29 |
| Vasiljevic et al. (2011) | GPX (U/L) | 32–37 wk | HIE moderate | 2d | 128.6 | 33.1 | 24 | HIE mild | 106.6 | 29.5 | 57 | 0 |
| Vasiljevic et al. (2011) | GPX (U/L) | 32–37 wk | Severe or moderate | 2d | 138.8 | 43.0 | 33 | HIE mild | 106.6 | 29.5 | 57 | 9 |
| Combo Ray et al. (1998); Vasiljevic et al. (2011) | 116 | 75 | 43 | 100 | 68 | 73 | 0 | |||||
| Neurotransmitter | ||||||||||||
| Cao et al. (1993) | LEK pg/ml | Mixed | Cerebral injury | NA | 204.1 | 342 | 21 | Asphyxiated no cerebral injury | 94.6 | 283 | 23 | 0 |
| Cao et al. (1993) | p-EP pg/ml | Mixed | Cerebral injury | NA | 141.5 | 177 | 21 | Asphyxiated no cerebral injury | 87.8 | 201 | 23 | 0 |
| Cao et al. (1993) | DynoAl-13 pg/ml | Mixed | Cerebral injury | NA | 136.1 | 178 | 21 | Asphyxiated no cerebral injury | 89.3 | 230.7 | 23 | 0 |
| Vasiljevic et al. (2011) | VEGF (pg/ml) | 32–37 wk | HIE severe | 3–5d | 430.2 | 83.9 | 9 | HIE mild | 118.6 | 15.2 | 57 | 205 |
| Vasiljevic et al. (2011) | VEGF (pg/ml) | 32–37 wk | HIE moderate | 3–5d | 253.9 | 53.4 | 24 | HIE mild | 118.6 | 15.2 | 57 | 92 |
| Vasiljevic et al. (2011) | VEGF (pg/ml) | 32–37 wk | Severe or moderate | 3–5d | 302.0 | 99.5 | 33 | HIE mild | 118.6 | 15.2 | 57 | 121 |
Note: Subtotal = combining previous rows of the same study. Δ% = (LCI of target-UCI of control) × 100/control mean.
Abbreviations: BAPs, biological antioxidant potentials; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; d, day; DynoAl-13, dynorphin Al-13; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; H202, hydrogen peroxide; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LEK, leu-enkephalin; LPO, lipid peroxidation; NO, nitric oxide; NSE, neuron-specific enolase; O2−, superoxide anions; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TH, total hydroperoxide; wk, week; XO, xanthine oxidase; β-EP, β-endorphin.