Table 1.

Indications and contraindications for awake spine surgery (Fiani et al., 2021).

Indications	Contraindications
•Surgeries involving a maximum of two vertebrae levels •Surgeries that are minimally invasive or utilize endoscopic technique •Surgeries requiring neural feedback •Aging populations •Patients deterred from general anesthesia	•Surgeries involving > 2 vertebrae •Surgeries with unpredictable durations •Patients with risks of respiratory compromise •High BMI •Obstructive sleep apnea •Pre-existing anxiety or depression •Bleeding disorders or coagulopathies •Intracranial hypertension •Failed back syndrome •Radiological demonstration of arachnoiditis or severe spinal stenosis •Smoking