REAGENT or RESOURCE	SOURCE	IDENTIFIER
Bacterial and virus strains
Escherichia coli EcNR2	Addgene	Addgene #26931
Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins
LB growth medium	AmericanBio	N/A
Solid chemicals: amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine), antibiotics (carbenicillin, spectinomycin), inducers (anhydrotetracycline, vanillic acid), trace minerals (Table S2), vitamins (Table S2)	SigmaAldrich	N/A
Colicin E1 for tolC counterselections	This paper	N/A
Experimental models: Organisms/strains
E. coli EcNR2.ΔpheA, ΔtrpDE, ΔtyrA, ΔpheA.ΔtrpDE, ΔtrpDE.ΔtyrA, ΔtyrA.ΔpheA, ΔpheA.ΔtrpDE.ΔtyrA, ΔpheA.ΔtrpDE.ΔtyrA.entA	This paper	CFH748-755
Oligonucleotides
MAGE oligo for aroF-FIM: T∗T∗CAGTTGTTCCGGAGTCATTAAAACCTGTTCGTCG GTAATATGTACTTTATTCAGCGCGTCTTTTTGcatGATG GCGATCCTGTTTAT	This paper	oCFH007
MAGE oligo for aroG-FIM: T∗G∗CGCCCCAGCTCATCAGGTCAGCGAGATATTGT GGGGTGATCATGTTGAGAAACTCACCTGCCGCTGG CAGACCGCTGTCGTTAATATC	This paper	oCFH008
Primers for cloning pPAF-v5 and pGFP-RFP	This paper	rCFH404-415
MAGE oligos for knockout of tolC insertions at pheA, trpDE, tyrA, and entA	This paper	oCFH026-29
Primers for amplifying tolC cassettes to recombiner into pheA, trpDE, tyrA, entA, and tyrR	This paper	rCFH334-337, 344-347, 511-512
Recombinant DNA
pPAF-v5	This paper	CFH489
pGFP-RFP	This paper	CFH496
papBAC synthetic genes	GenScript	N/A
Software and algorithms
Python scripts for OptForce simulations	This paper	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6569900
Python v2.7.11 for Unix	Python Software Foundation	www.python.org
MATLAB r2019a for doubling time calculations	MathWorks Inc	https://www.mathworks.com
Gurobi Optimizer v9.0.0	Gurobi Optimization	https://www.gurobi.com
COBRApy Toolbox v0.9.1	cobrapy - constraint-based metabolic modeling in Python	https://opencobra.github.io/cobrapy/
Other
SCC Shared Computing Cluster, SCC1, 2 fourteen-core 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon E5-2680v4, 256 Gb RAM, 2 nodes	Boston University Research Computing, Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center (MGHPCC), Holyoke, MA	https://www.bu.edu/tech/support/research/computing-resources/scc/
Yale West Campus Analytical Core	Yale University	https://wcac.yale.edu
Experimental data and MATLAB analysis code for Figure 1, Figure 3 and 3	This paper	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6569900