Table 2.
Maternal, perinatal, and labor and system level factors by race/ethnicity
| Characteristic | Race/ethnicity | P-value* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asian/Hawaiian/Pacific n = 4599 (27.73%) | Black n = 883 (5.32%) | Hispanic n = 3668 (22.11%) | Multiple Races/American Indian/Alaskan Native n = 533 (3.21%) | White n = 6904 (41.62%) | ||
| Maternal factors | ||||||
| Obesity at prenatal intake (BMI ≥ 30) | ||||||
| Yes | 473 (10.28) | 309 (34.99) | 1146 (31.24) | 136 (25.52) | 1394 (20.19) | <0.0001 |
| No | 4126 (89.72) | 574 (65.01) | 2522 (68.76) | 397 (74.48) | 5510 (79.81) | |
| Gestational diabetes | ||||||
| Yes | 519 (11.29) | 39 (4.42) | 245 (6.68) | 35 (6.57) | 295 (4.27) | <0.0001 |
| No | 4080 (88.71) | 844 (95.58) | 3423 (93.32) | 498 (93.43) | 6609 (95.73) | |
| Chronic or gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia | ||||||
| Yes | 367 (7.98) | 127 (14.38) | 350 (9.54) | 58 (10.88) | 781 (11.31) | <0.0001 |
| No | 4232 (92.02) | 756 (85.62) | 3318 (90.46) | 475 (89.12) | 6123 (88.69) | |
| Chorioamnionitis | ||||||
| Yes | 62 (1.35) | 4 (0.45) | 40 (1.09) | 5 (0.94) | 42 (0.61) | 0.0005 |
| No | 4537 (98.65) | 879 (99.55) | 3628 (98.91) | 528 (99.06) | 6862 (99.39) | |
| Perinatal factors | ||||||
| Gestational age (days), Mean (SD) | 277.09 (7.68) | 277.56 (8.00) | 277.89 (7.81) | 277.79 (7.76) | 279.47 (8.02) | <0.0001† |
| Neonate birth weight (grams), Mean (SD) | 3246 (437) | 3303 (463) | 3388 (450) | 3403 (468) | 3457 (448) | <0.0001† |
| Intrauterine growth restriction | ||||||
| Yes | 68 (1.48) | 17 (1.93) | 28 (0.76) | 4 (0.75) | 76 (1.10) | 0.006 |
| No | 4531 (98.52) | 866 (98.07) | 3640 (99.24) | 529 (99.25) | 6828 (98.90) | |
| Fetal macrosomia | ||||||
| Yes | 61 (1.33) | 17 (1.93) | 86 (2.34) | 16 (3.00) | 169 (2.45) | 0.0004 |
| No | 4538 (98.67) | 866 (98.07) | 3582 (97.66) | 517 (97.00) | 6735 (97.55) | |
| Labor and system level factors | ||||||
| Induction of labor | ||||||
| Yes | 996 (21.66) | 221 (25.03) | 859 (23.42) | 107 (20.08) | 1701 (24.64) | 0.001 |
| No | 3603 (78.34) | 662 (74.97) | 2809 (76.58) | 426 (79.92) | 5203 (75.36) | |
| Availability of midwifery service (during labor and delivery) | ||||||
| Yes | 4025 (87.52) | 829 (93.88) | 3230 (88.06) | 489 (91.74) | 6105 (88.43) | <0.0001 |
| No | 574 (12.48) | 54 (6.12) | 438 (11.94) | 44 (8.26) | 799 (11.57) | |
| Delivery type | ||||||
| Spontaneous vaginal | 2841 (61.77) | 607 (68.74) | 2586 (70.50) | 356 (66.79) | 4947 (71.65) | <0.0001 |
| Assisted vaginal | 657 (14.29) | 45 (5.10) | 215 (5.86) | 47 (8.82) | 559 (8.10) | |
| Cesarean | 1101 (23.94) | 231 (26.16) | 867 (23.64) | 130 (24.39) | 1398 (20.25) | |
*P-value for the Chi-squared Test of Association unless otherwise noted
†F-test for equality of group means