Fig. 1.

Experimental schematic. A The timeline for the paradigm is presented. Subjects were taught pictures in the morning. 12 h later, they were tested (test 1). Subjects were administered either a placebo or zolpidem prior to sleep. Subjects slept in the lab overnight with polysomnographic monitoring. Subjects were tested again the next morning. B Learning paradigm. At encoding, subjects were presented with randomized negative or neutral images. At the test, subjects were asked to identify if the images were new or old