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. 2022 Jul 1;12:10068. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14179-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Location of Beppu Bay and key locations in the North Pacific Ocean. (a) The US pacific proving ground (PPG) is located east of Guam, and the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and Kuroshio Current (KC). The software Ocean Data View Ocean Data View 5.4.0 (Schlitzer, R., Ocean Data View, http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/GEO/ODV,2003.) was used to draw the map. (b) Beppu bay is located at the entrance of Setonaikai Inland Sea and is connected to the Pacific Ocean via the Bungo Channel. Map was generated using GMT with topographic data of ETOPO1 (https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html). (c) Aerial photo of Beppu Bay. The coring site for this study is also indicated. (d) Contours indicating the water depth in meters showing anoxic bottom water conditions are created by the depicted bathymetric feature. The map was drawn using the chart distributed by the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department, Japan Coast Guard (https://www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/jhd-E.html).