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. 2022 Jul 1;12:10068. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14179-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Coral X-ray photos and corresponding Sr/Ca for coral obtained from Ishigaki Is. Age model of the corals discussed here (i.e. from Ishigaki¹³ and from Guam⁵⁷) are established through coupling layer counting of X-ray images and Sr/Ca measurements of corals. Sr/Ca can provide sea surface temperature information so that growth bands of corals can independently warranted.