Table 1.

Factors that are under FSH signaling regulation during early stages of spermatogenesis 

Process	Molecules	Signaling pathway	References
Sertoli cell proliferation	c-Myc	cAMP/PKA & PI3K/Akt/mTORC1	[80–82]
	Cyclin D1	cAMP/PKA/ERK	[83]
	HIF2	unknown	[84–86]
Sertoli cell differentiation	Klf4	cAMP/PKA	[87, 88]
	NF-κB	unknown	[89]
	HIF1/2	unknown	[90]
	c-jun, jun-B	unknown	[91]
	tPA	cAMP/PKA	[92, 93]
	ASNS	cAMP/PKA	[94]
	Aqp8	unknown	[95, 96]
	Gja	FSH/Wnt3	[97]
	N-cadherin, ɑ6β1-integrin	unknown	[98–100]
	PFKFB1/3	unknown	[101]
	PDK3	unknown	[101]
Sertoli cell apoptosis	FAAH	cAMP/PKA	[102]
	DAX1	cAMP/PKA	[103]
Spermatogonia maintenance	GDNF	cAMP/PKA	[104, 105]
	FGF2	cAMP/PKA	[106, 107]
	PGE2	unknown	[108]
Spermatogonia stem cell differentiation	BMP4	cAMP/PKA	[109, 110]
	SCF, SLF	cAMP/PKA	[111, 112]
	Igf3	cAMP/PKA	[113, 114]
	transferrin	unknown	[115, 116]
Spermatogonia survival	Bok	cAMP/PKA	[117, 118]
Entry into meiosis	Activin A, Inhibin B	cAMP/PKA	[119, 120]
	IL-6	cAMP/PKA & cAMP/PKC	[121]
	nociceptin	cAMP/PKA	[122, 123]
	Nrg1, Nrg3	unknown	[124, 125]
Spermatocyte survival	Gal-3	cAMP/PKA	[126, 127]
	AP-1	unknown	[128]