Table 2.
Definitions and measures of each work exposure.
| Working condition/risk factor | Definition | Measurea | Variable operationalization |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job strain | According to the Karasek’s model, job strain is the consequence of a combination of high job demand and low individual control over those demands (Neylon et al., 2013; Kivimäki and Kawachi, 2015) | Job Content Questionnaire (Madsen et al., 2017)/Demand–Control Questionnaire (Kivimäki et al., 2015) and their adaptations in different languages | Combination of high demands and low control (four-quadrant diagram) (Karasek et al., 1998) |
| ERI | In the Siegrist’s model, ERI is the mismatch between high effort, low reward, and the individuals’ exhaustive coping style (or overcommitment) (Kivimäki and Kawachi, 2015) | Effort–Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (Siegrist et al., 2004) and tits adaptations in different languages | Effort–reward ratio beyond 1.0 (Siegrist et al., 2004) |
| Long working hours | An average working time for each 7 days period over 48 h, including overtime (European Commission, n.d.) | ‘Measures of the total number of hours worked, including in both of: main and secondary jobs, self-employment and salaried employment and informal and formal jobs’ (Li et al., 2018) | ≥48 working hours per week (European Commission, n.d.). Studies that considered more weekly hours were also included. |
| Job insecurity | ‘The discrepancy between the level of job security a person experiences and the level she or he might prefer’ (Bartley and Ferrie, 2001) | Subscale of the Job Content Questionnaire (Job Insecurity Scale section) (Karasek et al., 1998). Other questionnaires. |
Perceived job insecurity (Knesebeck, 2016) |
| Shift work | Shift work is defined as ‘work occurring outside typical daytime working hours’ (Kervezee et al., 2018b) | Work schedule (Zhao et al., 2019) | Regular evening shift, regular night or graveyard shift, rotating shifts, split shifts, irregular schedule, on-call schedule, regular weekend work (Zhao et al., 2019) |
| Occupational noise | ‘Occupational noise is the exposure at the workplace to an unpleasant or unwanted sound’ (Teixeira et al., 2019) | Noise measurements performed into work environments with dosimeter (Tomei et al., 2010) | ≥85 dB(A) (Tomei et al., 2010) |
aStudies that measured these factors using a different measure were excluded.