Table 2.

Plasma insulin, glucagon, and glucose concentrations at baseline and following intragastric or intraduodenal administration of quinine in healthy, normal-weight men and women

	Male			Female
	IG-QHCl	ID-QHCl	P values	IG-QHCl	ID-QHCl	P values
Plasma insulin
Fasting concentration, mU/L	2.7 ± 0.5	2.4 ± 0.4	0.288	3.6 ± 0.5	3.3 ± 0.2	0.463
AUC0-120min, mU/L × min	648 ± 77	865 ± 79	0.024	754 ± 79	1042 ± 77	0.004
AUC0-60min, mU/L × min	261 ± 52	485 ± 53	0.006	344 ± 53	663 ± 52a	0.001
AUC60-120min, mU/L × min	370 ± 41	368 ± 42	0.956	423 ± 42	394 ± 41	0.462
Peak concentration, mU/L	8.5 ± 1.5	13.2 ± 1.5	0.040	11.7 ± 1.5	19 ± 1.5b	0.002
Time to peak concentration, min	71 ± 5	39 ± 5	0.001	60 ± 5	39 ± 5	0.012
Plasma glucagon
Fasting concentration, pg/mL	41 ± 4	43 ± 4	0.941	40 ± 2	41 ± 4	0.777
AUC0-120min, pg/mL × min	5044 ± 371	6189 ± 362	0.030	5401 ± 362	6607 ± 362	0.021
AUC0-60min, pg/mL × min	2193 ± 138	2710 ± 139	0.023	2427 ± 137	2800 ± 137	0.081
AUC60-120min, pg/mL × min	2842 ± 250	3497 ± 244	0.043	2990 ± 245	3780 ± 245	0.015
Plasma glucose
Fasting concentration, mmol/L	4.8 ± 0.1	4.5 ± 0.1	0.251	5.3 ± 0.1	5.4 ± 0.1	0.487
iAUCinv0-120min, mmol/L × min	57 ± 9	58 ± 8	0.947	50 ± 8	99 ± 8c	0.001
iAUCinv0-60min, mmol/L × min	21 ± 4	25 ± 4	0.505	9 ± 4d	39 ± 4e	0.001
iAUCinv60-120min, mmol/L × min	36 ± 6	33 ± 6	0.634	41 ± 6	59 ± 6f	0.036

Data are means ± SEMs. n = 14 in each group, except for glucagon (n = 12).

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; iAUCinv, inverted incremental AUC; ID-QHCl, intraduodenal quinine hydrochloride; IG-QHCl, intragastric quinine hydrochloride.

Differences from respective values in males:

^a P = 0.021,

^b P = 0.010,

^c P = 0.001,

^d P = 0.040,

^e P = 0.011,

^f P = 0.003.