Table 2.

Basic descriptive characteristics of cities included in the analysis.

City	Population	Population change			% GDP growth (yearly average growth)
	2016	1990–2000	2000–2010	2010–2016	2001–2010	2011–2016
Amsterdam	821,800a	+	+	+	1.5	1.7
Atlanta	479,200	+	+	+	0.6	3.7
Austin	939,400	+	+	+	3.5	4.5
Baltimore	616,200	−	−	−	n.a	n.a
Barcelona	1,608,700	−	+	+	1.5	0.2
Boston	679,800	+	+	+	1.5	2.6
Bristol	567,100	+	+	+	1.7	1.6
Calgary	1,239,200	+	+	+	n.a	4.2
Cleveland	387,700	−	−	−	n.a	n.a
Copenhagen	591,500	+	+	+	1.1	2.3
Denver	696,200	+	+	+	0.7	3.7
Detroit	677,100	+	−	−	−1.4	3.0
Dublin	554,500	+	+	+	3.2	4.0
Edinburgh	512,500	+	+	+	2.2	1.6
Louisville	617,600	−	+	+	n.a	n.a
Lyon	513,300	+	+	+	1.6	1.6
Milwaukee	597,000	−	−	+	0.7	1.2
Montreal	1,942,000	+	+	+	n.a	1.9
Nantes	446,500	+	+	+	1.3	2.6
Philadelphia	1,576,000	−	+	+	1.6	1.7
Portland	642,700	+	+	+	1.7	2.9
San Francisco	871,500	+	+	+	1.2	5.7
Seattle	709,600	+	+	+	2.4	4.3
Sheffield	541,800	-	+	+	1.5	1.6
Valencia	790,200	−	+	+	1.7	−0.3
Vancouver	631,500	+	+	+	n.a	3.0
Vienna	1,856,600	+	+	+	1.4	0.0
Washington DC	685,800	−	+	+	3.1	1.3

Sources: United States Census Bureau, Statistics Canada, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat.

^a2015 Population.