Table 4.
Developmental parameters (mean ± SD) of N. simulans at six constant temperatures
| Tempa (°C) | Nymphalb survival (%) | Egg incubation time (days)c | Nymphal period (days) | Adult weight (mg) | Sex ratiod (male:female) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Male | Female | ||||
| 18 | 0.0 ± 0.0 (140) | 26.08 ± 0.92a (115) | / | / | / | / | / |
| 22 | 63.41 ± 5.31 (82) | 13.93 ± 0.26b (192) | 58.92 ± 7.94a | 60.70 ± 6.32a | 1.64 ± 0.16a | 2.39 ± 0.19a | 1:1.08 |
| 26 | 80.61 ± 3.99 (98) | 9.43 ± 0.49c (132) | 36.77 ± 4.44b | 36.93 ± 3.77b | 1.49 ± 0.20b | 2.39 ± 0.24a | 1:0.75 |
| 30 | 90.91 ± 3.06 (88) | 5.65 ± 0.12d (143) | 18.36 ± 1.58c | 18.44 ± 1.71c | 1.56 ± 0.12a | 2.41 ± 0.17a | 1:0.86 |
| 34 | 92.08 ± 2.69 (101) | 4.23 ± 0.15e (229) | 12.36 ± 0.77d | 12.34 ± 0.79d | 1.40 ± 0.13c | 2.33 ± 0.18a | 1:1.11 |
| 36 | 83.91 ± 3.94 (87) | 4.06 ± 0.13f (132) | 12.32 ± 0.96d | 12.26 ± 0.97d | 1.22 ± 0.11d | 2.02 ± 0.13b | 1:1.15 |
Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at α = 0.05 (Kruskal Wallis test).
a 87.9% of nymphs subjected to 18°C did not reach the second instar, the remaining 12.1% died in the second instar.
b The initial number of first instars tested is placed in parentheses.
c The number of eggs tested is placed in parentheses.
d Sex ratios did not differ significantly from a 1:1 ratio at α = 0.05 (X2 test).