. 2022 Jul 3;10:100377. doi: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100377

Table 1.

Linear regression analysis for predictors of stress in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic according to cortisol levels.

Parameter	Beta	Std. Error	95% Wald Confidence Interval		Hypothesis Test
Parameter	Beta	Std. Error	Lower	Upper	Wald Chi-Square	Sig.
(Intercept)	.631	.2724	.097	1.165	5.361	.021
Age	.006	.0106	−0.015	.026	.295	.587
Gender
Male#	−0.144	.0584	−0.259	−0.030	6.090	.014^*
Female§	−0.144	.0584	−0.259	−0.030	6.090	.014^*
Income
< 2090.00 Brazilian reais/month#	−0.007	.0494	−0.103	.090	.018	.893
> 2090.00 Brazilian reais/month§	−0.007	.0494	−0.103	.090	.018	.893
Number of people they live with	.010	.0180	−0.025	.046	.333	.564
Academic semester	−0.030	.0152	−0.060	−0.001	4.014	.045
Social distancing
No#	−0.060	.0871	−0.230	.111	.469	.494
Yes§	−0.060	.0871	−0.230	.111	.469	.494
Physical exercise
No#	−0.027	.0479	−0.121	.067	.310	.578
Yes§	−0.027	.0479	−0.121	.067	.310	.578
Chronotype (HO-MEQ)	.005	.0023	.001	.010	5.944	.015
Sleep quality (PSQI)	−0.018	.0080	−0.034	−0.002	4.990	.025
Anxious state due to pandemic
Never to sometimes#	−0.012	.0509	−0.112	.088	.054	.816
Often to very often§	−0.012	.0509	−0.112	.088	.054	.816
Sadness state due to pandemic
Never to sometimes#	−0.200	.0879	−0.372	−0.028	5.170	.023^*
Often to very often§	−0.200	.0879	−0.372	−0.028	5.170	.023^*
Study moment
Before remote classes#	.010	.0477	−0.084	.103	.043	.835
During remote classes§	.010	.0477	−0.084	.103	.043	.835
(Scale)	.091	.0096	.074	.112

N = 177. Std.= Standard; df= degree of freedom; Sig.= significance; #= dichotomous covariate analyzed as 0; §= dichotomous covariate analyzed as 1; HO-MEQ= Horne & Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (higher scores of this instrument indicate more morning chronotype, while lower scores indicate more evening chronotype); PSQI= Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (higher scores of this instrument indicate lower sleep quality). The analysis was performed using generalized linear models.

^⁎

p<0.05.