Table 1.
Patient characteristics among subphenotypes in the development cohort
| Characteristics | Total (N = 4,678) | DI (N = 1,174) | RI (N = 1,932) | DW (N = 960) | RW (N = 612) | P-value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) | 65.9 [53.7–77.9] | 67.25 [54.8–79.2] | 65.3 [53.3–77.2] | 66.9 [53.9–78.3] | 64.5 [52.5–76.7] | 0.204 |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||||
| Male | 2625 (56.1) | 594 (50.6) | 1100 (56.9) | 548 (57.1) | 383 (62.6) | 0.081 |
| Female | 2053 (43.9) | 580 (49.4) | 832 (43.1) | 412 (42.9) | 229 (37.4) | |
| Race, No. (%) | 0.207 | |||||
| White | 3367 (71.9) | 870 (74.1) | 1398 (72.4) | 670 (69.8) | 429 (70.1) | |
| Black | 424 (9.1) | 92 (7.8) | 189 (9.8) | 101(10.5) | 42 (6.9) | |
| Other | 887 (18.9) | 212 (18.1) | 345 (17.9) | 189 (19.7) | 141(23.0) | |
| Elixhauser index, median (IQR) | 4.0 [0.0–9.0] | 4.0 [0.0–9.0] | 4.0 [0.0–9.0] | 4.0 [0.0–9.0] | 5.0 [0.0–10.0] | 0.015 |
| Length stay, median (IQR) | 2.8 [1.6–5.6] | 2.9 [1.8–6.2] | 2.4 [1.5–4.8] | 2.9 [1.7–5.3] | 2.9 [1.6–6.7] | < 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation at admission, No. (%) | 1893 (40.5) | 499 (42.5) | 733 (37.9) | 377 (39.3) | 284 (46.4) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline SOFA, mean (SD) | 4.96 (2.8) | 4.0 (2.4) | 5.5 (2.9) | 5.2 (2.7) | 4.5 (2.8) | < 0.001 |
| ICU unit at admission, No. (%) | 0.037 | |||||
| SICU | 771 (16.5) | 185 (15.8) | 341 (17.7) | 135 (14.1) | 110 (17.9) | |
| CCU | 443 (9.5) | 117 (9.9) | 167 (8.6) | 94 (9.8) | 65 (10.6) | |
| TSICU | 593 (12.7) | 173 (14.7) | 226 (11.7) | 119 (12.4) | 75 (12.3) | |
| MICU | 2611 (55.8) | 634 (54.0) | 1087 (56.3) | 569 (59.3) | 321 (52.5) | |
| CSRU | 260 (5.6) | 65 (5.5) | 111 (5.8) | 43 (4.5) | 41 (6.7) | |
| Admission location, No. (%) | 0.196 | |||||
| Transfer from other hospital | 810 (17.3) | 213 (18.1) | 304 (15.7) | 165 (17.2) | 128 (20.9) | |
| Emergency room | 1497 (32.0) | 355 (30.2) | 628 (32.5) | 328 (34.2) | 186 (30.4) | |
| Clinic referral | 1985 (42.4) | 493 (41.9) | 847 (43.8) | 396 (41.3) | 249 (40.7) | |
| Transfer from ward | 4 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Physician referral | 367 (7.9) | 106 (9.0) | 145 (7.5) | 69 (7.2) | 47 (7.7) | |
| Transfer from skilled nursing facility | 15 (0.3) | 5 (0.4) | 7 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.3) | |
| Infection item, No. (%) | ||||||
| Central nervous system | 56 (1.2) | 10 (0.9) | 27 (1.4) | 8 (0.8) | 11 (1.8) | 0.189 |
| Intra-abdominal | 880 (18.8) | 230 (19.6) | 363 (18.8) | 172 (17.9) | 115 (18.8) | 0.808 |
| Pneumonia | 1257 (26.9) | 328 (27.9) | 494 (25.6) | 262 (27.3) | 173 (28.3) | 0.385 |
| Septicemia bacteremia | 1587 (33.9) | 359 (30.6) | 717 (37.1) | 300 (31.3) | 211 (34.5) | < 0.001 |
| Skin soft tissue | 276 (5.9) | 60 (5.1) | 140 (7.3) | 42 (4.4) | 34 (5.6) | 0.008 |
| Urinary tract | 1044 (22.3) | 276 (23.5) | 439 (22.7) | 228 (23.8) | 101 (16.5) | 0.003 |
| Septic shock, No. (%) | 635 (13.6) | 148 (12.6) | 299 (15.5) | 101 (10.5) | 87 (14.2) | 0.002 |
Infection items were defined based on ICD-9 code (see Additional file 1: Table S15)
IQR interquartile range, SD standard deviation, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, SICU surgical ICU, CCU coronary care unit, TSICU thoracic surgery ICU, MICU medical ICU, CSRU cardiac surgery ICU, DI delayed improving, RI rapidly improving, DW delayed worsening, RW rapidly worsening
†P-value calculated by Chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test, or student’s t-test/Mann–Whitney test where appropriate