Table 3.

AUCs for the updated HACOR score for predicting NIV failure in different subgroups

	After 1–2 h of NIV AUC (95% CI)	After 12 h of NIV AUC (95% CI)	After 24 h of NIV AUC (95% CI)
Training cohort
De novo acute respiratory failure, N = 876#	0.83 (0.81–0.86)	0.84 (0.81–0.87)	0.85 (0.81–0.88)
Pneumonia, N = 710	0.82 (0.79–0.85)	0.84 (0.81–0.88)	0.83 (0.80–0.87)
Pulmonary ARDS, N = 151	0.81 (0.74–0.88)	0.83 (0.76–0.90)	0.89 (0.82–0.95)
Extrapulmonary ARDS, N = 160	0.86 (0.80–0.93)	0.85 (0.77–0.93)	0.86 (0.78–0.95)
CPE, N = 138	0.81 (0.63–1.00)	0.92 (0.80–1.00)	0.80 (0.53–1.00)
Cardiac problem other than CPE, N = 74	0.76 (0.60–0.92)	0.78 (0.63–0.92)	0.84 (0.69–0.99)
Nonpulmonary sepsis, N = 192	0.83 (0.78–0.89)	0.76 (0.66–0.85)	0.71 (0.59–0.83)
Pancreatitis, N = 141	0.81 (0.72–0.91)	0.84 (0.75–0.93)	0.88 (0.79–0.96)
Validation cohort
De novo acute respiratory failure, N = 438#	0.76 (0.71–0.80)	0.77 (0.73–0.82)	0.80 (0.75–0.85)
Pneumonia, N = 485	0.73 (0.69–0.77)	0.75 (0.71–0.80)	0.77 (0.72–0.81)
Pulmonary ARDS, N = 126	0.75 (0.66–0.83)	0.74 (0.65–0.84)	0.74 (0.64–0.84)
Extrapulmonary ARDS, N = 17	0.74 (0.49–0.99)	0.92 (0.75–1.00)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
CPE, N = 44	0.78 (0.53–1.00)	0.88 (0.75–1.00)	0.89 (0.74–1.00)
Cardiac problem other than CPE, N = 21	0.95 (0.86–1.00)	0.80 (0.57–1.00)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Nonpulmonary sepsis, N = 56	0.83 (0.71–0.94)	0.75 (0.60–0.90)	0.75 (0.58–0.92)
Pancreatitis, N = 31	0.89 (0.78–1.00)	0.71 (0.48–0.94)	0.97 (0.91–1.00)
COVID-19, N = 43	0.78 (0.63–0.92)	0.70 (0.54–0.86)	0.82 (0.68–0.96)

AUC  area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, HACOR   heart rate, acidosis, consciousness, oxygenation, and respiratory rate, NIV  noninvasive ventilation, CI  confidence interval, ARDS  acute respiratory distress syndrome, CPE  cardiogenic pulmonary edema

^#De novo acute respiratory failure is defined as the occurrence of respiratory failure without chronic respiratory disease, chronic heart disease, asthma, CPE, cardiac problem other than CPE, or postoperative hypoxemia