Skip to main content
. 2022 Jun 29;15:703–716. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S365652

Table 1.

Clinical Characteristics of the Reported HCC Scalp and Skull Metastasis

No. Reference Year Age Sex Risk Factor Manifestation Primary Lesion Vascular Invasion Skull Spread Involvement Other Spread Management Follow-Up Prognosis
1 Sanders et al40 2020 77 F HBV Scalp mass Multiple, infiltrative None Frontal region Scalp, skull None BSC 2 months Expired
2 Sadik et al41 2019 54 M HCV Scalp mass Single IVC, RAT Superior sagittal sinus Scalp, skull Lung, rib Craniotomy 26 days Expired
3 Han et a25 2017 66 M S.J. Scalp mass, headache, dizziness None None Left occipital region Scalp, skull, dura None Selective embolization, craniotomy 9 months Alive
4 Ferraz et al42 2016 55 M None Scalp mass with local pain Single, infiltrative None Right frontal region Scalp, skull Clavicle, sternum, hip, lumbar spine Craniotomy, radiotherapy 6 months Expired
5 Kim et al43 2015 41 M ND Sudden headache, vomiting, drowsiness Multiple ND Right occipital region Skull, epi-dura Ribs, pelvis BSC 4 months Expired
6 Subasinghe et al44 2015 56 M None Scalp mass Single None Occipital region Scalp, skull Left scapula Excision of the scalp mass, RFA for liver mass ND ND
7 Susheela et al45 2015 40 M HBV Scalp mass Multiple ND Frontal region Scalp, skull Lung, dorsal vertebrae Radiotherapy, sorafenib 12 months Expired
8 Chye et al46 2015 69 F HCV Headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness Single None Left temporal region Scalp, skull, epi-dura, dura None Radiotherapy for brain, TACE for liver mass ND ND
9 Guo et al47 2014 49 M HBV Scalp mass Single None Right parietal-occipital region Scalp, skull None Craniotomy, TACE for liver mass 18 months Expired
10 Azarpira et al48 2014 38 M HBV Scalp mass None None Right temporal region Scalp, skull, dura None Radiotherapy, chemotherapy 3 months Alive
11 Turan et al49 2013 70 M HBV Scalp mass Single None Frontal region Scalp, skull Lung, adrenal glands, ribs, lumbar vertebrae, and pelvis Craniotomy, sorafenib 11 months Expired
12 Brunetti et al50 2012 79 M ND Scalp mass Multiple ND Parietal-occipital region Scalp, skull Mandible Biopsy ND ND
13 Ermis et al51 2012 72 M HCV Scalp mass Multiple PVTT Right frontal-parietal region Scalp, skull Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, right sacroiliac joint Biopsy ND ND
14 Goto et al52 2010 56 M HBV Scalp mass Multiple None Left occipital-temporal region Scalp, skull Thoracic vertebrae Radiotherapy for brain, TACE for liver mass ND Expired
15 Woo et al53 2010 46 M ND Severe headache, unconsciousness ND ND Right temporal region Skull, epi-dura, dura ND Craniotomy 5 days Expired
16 Fukushima et al26 2010 58 M ND Scalp mass None None Left temporal region Scalp, skull None Craniotomy ND ND
17 Kanai et al54 2009 56 M HCV Severe headache, unconsciousness Single, huge None Left occipital region Scalp, skull, epi-dura ND Craniotomy 21 days Expired
18 Shim et al55 2008 71 M HCV, alcohol Scalp mass Two None Occipital region Scalp, skull None Craniotomy, 9 months Alive
TACE for liver mass
19 Hsu et al56 2008 53 M HBV Scalp mass, visual field defect Multiple None Left parietal-occipital region Scalp, skull, epi-dura None TACE, craniotomy, radiotherapy 10 months Alive
20 Hsieh et al57 2006 46 M HBV Scalp mass None None Left frontal region Scalp, skull Spine, left femur Craniotomy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy 15 months Alive
21 Simone et al30 2005 61 M HCV Scalp mass Multiple None Left parietal region Scalp, skull Sternum, lung Craniotomy, chemotherapy ND ND
22 Nam et al58 2005 65 M HCV, alcohol Scalp mass Multiple None Frontal region Scalp, skull, dura Sternum, ribs Biopsy, radiotherapy 26 months Alive
23 Jegou et al59 2004 55 M ND Scalp mass Single None Left frontal region Scalp, skull Adrenal gland Biopsy ND ND
24 Chan et al60 2004 75 F None Scalp mass Single None Right frontal region Scalp, skull None Craniotomy ND ND
25 Torres et al61 2002 66 F HCV Scalp mass Two None Occipital region Scalp, skull None Biopsy 42 days Expired
26 Hayashi et al62 2000 70 M ND Left-sided hemiparesis ND ND Right parietal region Scalp, skull, epi-dura ND Craniotomy 2 months Expired
27 Nakagawa et al63 1992 52 M ND ND ND ND ND Scalp, skull, epi-dura ND Craniotomy ND Expired

Abbreviations: F, female; M, male; ND, not described; BSC, best supportive care; IVC, inferior vena cava; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; PVTT, portal vein tumor thrombus; S.J., Schistosoma japonicum; RAT, right atrium thrombus.