Fig. 2.

A) The ionizable lipids used in the COVID-19 LNP vaccines Comirnaty® (ALC-0315) and Spikevax® (SM-102) and in Onpattro® (MC3). B) Lipid packing theory explaining the relation between the molecular shape of amphipathic compounds (in this case DSPC and an arbitrary ionizable lipid) and the geometry of their self-assembled structures (a detailed description of the critical packing parameters of surfactants can be found in [25], [26]). C) The proposed mechanism by which charged ionizable lipids mediate endosomal disruption [22].