TABLE 3.
The factors associated with iatrogenic pneumothorax, by nodule
| Pneumothorax | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Without | With | p‐value | |
| Total, n (row %) | 526 (93.26) | 38 (6.74) | |
| Year of surgery, n (%) | |||
| 2015 | 16 (88.89) | 2 (11.11) | 0.8853 |
| 2016 | 47 (95.92) | 2 (4.08) | |
| 2017 | 124 (94.66) | 7 (5.34) | |
| 2018 | 197 (91.63) | 18 (8.37) | |
| 2019 | 142 (94.04) | 9 (5.96) | |
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Female | 426 (94.46) | 25 (5.54) | 0.0239* |
| Male | 100 (88.50) | 13 (11.50) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||
| No | 490 (93.69) | 33 (6.31) | 0.1481 |
| Yes | 36 (87.80) | 5 (12.20) | |
| Age, median (range) | 54 (24–79) | 55.5 (32–75) | 0.9134 |
| Lobe, n (%) | |||
| RUL | 165 (93.22) | 12 (6.78) | 0.9467 |
| RML | 43 (93.48) | 3 (6.52) | |
| RLL | 110 (93.22) | 8 (6.78) | |
| LUL | 121 (93.80) | 8 (6.20) | |
| LLL | 87 (92.55) | 7 (7.45) | |
| Performers | |||
| A | 8 (7.7) | 96 (92.3) | 0.482 |
| B | 4 (10.8) | 33 (89.2) | |
| C | 5 (3.3) | 148 (96.7) | |
| Position, n (%) | |||
| Supine | 253 (95.47) | 12 (4.53) | 0.0497* |
| Prone | 195 (92.42) | 16 (7.58) | |
| Left decubitus | 50 (86.21) | 8 (13.79) | |
| Right decubitus | 28 (93.33) | 2 (6.67) | |
| Tumor contact, n (%) | 12 (100.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0.3471 |
| Hookwire, n (%) | 98 (89.91) | 11 (10.09) | 0.1202 |
| Nodule size, median (range), mm | 6 (2–19) | 6 (3–12) | 0.9371 |
| Punctures, median (range) | 1 (1–4) | 2 (1–6) | <0.0001* |
| n (%) | |||
| 1 | 434 (96.02) | 18 (3.98) | <0.0001* |
| 2 | 73 (82.95) | 15 (17.05) | |
| 3 | 17 (89.47) | 2 (10.53) | |
| 4 | 2 (50.00) | 2 (50.00) | |
| 6 | 0 (0.00) | 1 (100.00) | |
| Angle, median (range), ∘ | 19 (0–90) | 17 (0–71) | 0.7466 |
| Δ angle, median (range), ∘ | 2 (0–19) | 1 (0–9) | 0.8626 |
| Depth to skin, median (range), mm | 55 (4–115) | 62.5 (25–90) | 0.0648* |
| Depth to pleura, median (range), mm | 14 (0–60) | 20.5 (1–65.99) | 0.0066* |
| Difficult zone, n (%) | 129 (93.48) | 9 (6.52) | 0.9074 |
| Mediastinum, n (%) | 82 (93.18) | 6 (6.82) | 0.9738 |
| Diaphragm, n (%) | 57 (91.94) | 5 (8.06) | 0.6589 |
| Cross lobe, n (%) | 18 (94.74) | 1 (5.26) | 0.8474 |
| Fissure, n (%) | 36 (85.71) | 6 (14.29) | 0.0427* |
| Scapula, n (%) | 28 (100.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0.1449 |
| Generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Punctures | |||
| +1 time | 2.39 | 1.48–3.86 | 0.0004* |
| Depth to skin | |||
| +1 mm | 1.01 | 0.96–1.07 | 0.663 |
| Depth to pleura | |||
| +1 mm | 1.01 | 0.95–1.08 | 0.692 |
| Age | |||
| +1 year | 0.98 | 0.93–1.03 | 0.4004 |
| Fissure | |||
| Yes | 1.89 | 0.56–6.31 | 0.304 |
| Hookwire | |||
| Yes | 1.2 | 0.16–8.97 | 0.858 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 3.58 | 1.32–9.70 | 0.012* |
| Smoking | |||
| Yes | 1.78 | 0.44–7.19 | 0.417 |
| Position | |||
| Supine | Reference | ||
| Prone | 2.13 | 0.63–7.27 | 0.226 |
| Left decubitus | 2.38 | 0.21–27.41 | 0.486 |
| Right decubitus | 1.48 | 0.06–38.89 | 0.814 |
Abbreviations: LLL, left lower lobe; LUL, left upper lobe; RLL, right lower lobe; RML, right middle lobe; RUL, right upper lobe.
*
p < 0.005.