. 2022 Mar 10;25(3):149–163. doi: 10.4048/jbc.2022.25.e11

Table 1. Characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis.

Study	Study design	Sample	Setting/country	Mean/median age	% Male	Covariates	Exposure/case definition	Median follow-up duration (yr)	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score
Chang et al. [31] 2014	Retrospective matched case-control	5,076	Administrative database	Not reported	0	Age, sex, monthly income, urbanization level, geographic region, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, alcohol use disorder, and obesity	ICD-9 codes: 327.23, 780.51, 780.53, 780.57.	5	2.09 (1.06–4.12)	9
Chang et al. [31] 2014	Retrospective matched case-control	5,076	Taiwan	Not reported	0		Subjects were required to have received Polysomnography and all ICD codes must have been assigned by pulmonologist, otolaryngologist or neurologist.	5	2.09 (1.06–4.12)	9
Choi et al. [32] 2019	Retrospective matched cohort	274,201	Administrative database	48.7	0	Age, sex, income level, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia	At least one claim under ICD-10 code G47.3.^*	3.7	1.2 (1.04–1.39)	7
Choi et al. [32] 2019	Retrospective matched cohort	274,201	Korea	48.7	0		At least one claim under ICD-10 code G47.3.^*	3.7	1.2 (1.04–1.39)	7
Gozal et al. [10] 2016	Retrospective matched cohort	3,408,906	Administrative database	Not reported	50.2	Age, sex, morbid obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease, coronary heart failure, stroke, cardiac arrhythmias, and depression	ICD-9-CM codes:	3.48	0.95 (0.93–0.98)	8
			United States				Obstructive sleep apnea: 327.23, 327.20, 327.29, 780.51, 780.53, 780.57.
							Continuous positive airway pressure: E0601, E0470, E0471
							Includes both Obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis and Continuous positive airway pressure
Huang et al. [11] 2021	Prospective cohort	65,330	Community-based	73	0	Age, sex, race/ethnicity, family history of cancer, Body Mass Index, height, pack-years of smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, sleep duration, duration of hormonal therapy use by type, history of type 2 diabetes, aspirin use, and recent physical examination	Nurses self-reported clinically diagnosed sleep apnea.	8	1.1 (0.91–1.33)	5
Huang et al. [11] 2021	Prospective cohort	65,330	United States	73	0		Additional validation study conducted; all 108 randomly sampled nurses were confirmed to have diagnosis cased on Polysomnography in medical records.	8	1.1 (0.91–1.33)	5
Jara et al. [12] 2020	Retrospective matched cohort	1,377,285	Administrative database	55.2	94	Age, sex, year of cohort entry, smoking status, alcohol use, obesity, and Deyo-modified Charlson Comorbidity Index	ICD-9-CM codes: 327.20, 327.23, 327.29, 780.51, 780.53, 780.57, 278.03	7.4	2.17 (1.83–2.58)	7
Jara et al. [12] 2020	Retrospective matched cohort	1,377,285	United States	55.2	94		To prevent misclassification, patients were required to have a diagnosis code in at least 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient encounters. Subgroup analysis conducted for Polysomnography ICD-9 codes preceding Obstructive sleep apnea ICD-9 codes.	7.4	2.17 (1.83–2.58)	7
Sillah et al. [13] 2018	Retrospective cohort	34,402	Clinic-based	51.6	57.4	Age and sex	ICD 9 codes: 327.20, 327.21, 327.23, 327.27, 327.29, 780.51, 780.53, and 780.57.^*	5.3	1.43 (1.25–1.63)	6
Sillah et al. [13] 2018	Retrospective cohort	34,402	United States	51.6	57.4	Age and sex		5.3	1.43 (1.25–1.63)	6

CI, confidence interval; ICD, International Classification of Diseases.

^*These studies were considered to have not used any ancillary metric to verify ICD codes.