Figure 5.

The pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 S virus (SARS2-PsV) evokes a sustained intracellular Ca²⁺ elevation

[Ca²⁺]_i was measured in HEK 293T cells expressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2 with a ratiometric Ca²⁺ probe (Fura-2-AM; 5 μM; 30 min). Data are presented as fluorescence emission ratios from the 340/380 nm excitation. Representative [Ca²⁺]_i images with a rainbow scale and the [Ca²⁺]_i values of the indicated regions (arrows) are shown.

(A and B) Mock vehicle. The 0-s time represents the point of SARS2-PsV or vehicle application.

(C and D) SARS2-PsV alone.

(E and F) BAPTA pretreatment (BAPTA-AM; 3 μM) plus SARS2-PsV.

(G and H) Camostat pretreatment (10 μM) plus SARS2-PsV.

(I and J) A6-001 pretreatment (10 μM) plus SARS2-PsV.

(K) A summary of maximum Δ[Ca²⁺]_i is presented (three cells from each experimental replicate). Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 12–27).

(L) A summary of the time taken to reach the [Ca²⁺]_i peak after SARS2-PsV application.

(M) A summary of the slope of the rising phase of [Ca²⁺]_i transients (Δ[Ca²⁺]_i/Δt, nM/s).

Full time-series images are provided in Videos S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8. ^∗∗p < 0.01: difference from lane 2. ns, not significant. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. See also Figure S4 and Videos S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8.