Table 1.
Patient characteristics of the cohort
| Variables | Total cohort (n = 5053) |
No exposure to norepinephrine (n = 3448) |
Exposure to norepinephrine (n = 1605) |
P value | SMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative | |||||
| Age, years | 69 [60- 76] | 68 [60- 76] | 70 [61–77] | < 0.001 | 0.121 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 3487 (69) | 2407 (70) | 1080 (67) | 0.069 | 0.055 |
| BMI, kg m−2 | 27.4 [24.3–30.7] | 27.6 [24.5–30.8] | 26.8 [23.8–30.5] | < 0.001 | 0.057 |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 2,815 (56) | 1,925 (56) | 890 (56) | 0.801 | 0.08 |
| Coronary disease | 598 (11) | 385 (11) | 213 (13) | 0.031 | 0.033 |
| Diabetes | 984 (20) | 690 (20) | 294 (18) | 0.157 | 0.043 |
| Dyslipidemia | 381 (8) | 274 (8) | 107 (7) | 0.109 | 0.049 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 224 (4) | 126 (4) | 98 (6) | < 0.001 | 0.114 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 264 (5) | 188 (6) | 76 (5) | 0.286 | 0.033 |
| Creatinine, µmol l−1 | 77 ± 9 | 79 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | 0.932 | 0.472 |
| Hemoglobin, g dl−1 | 12.3 ± 0.4 | 12.3 ± 0.3 | 12.6 ± 0.4 | 0.629 | 0.682 |
| Intraoperative | |||||
| CPB time, n (%) | 94 [65–128] | 89 [63–122] | 105 [74–140] | < 0.001 | 0.331 |
| Aortic clamp time, n (%) | 64 [43–90] | 61 [41–87] | 69 [46–96] | < 0.001 | 0.098 |
| Surgery type, n (%) | |||||
| CABG | 1,430 (28) | 962 (28) | 468 (29) | < 0.001 | 0.147 |
| Valve surgery | 1,874 (37) | 1,254 (36) | 620 (39) | ||
| Combined surgery | 548 (11) | 336 (10) | 212 (13) | ||
| Other | 1,201 (24) | 896 (26) | 305 (19) | ||
| Postoperative | |||||
| SAPS II at ICU admission | 35 [30–43] | 34 [28–40] | 40 [33–48] | < 0.001 | 0.603 |
| Cumulative dose of norepinephrine during 48 h, mg | – | – | 6.9 ± 0.4 | – | – |
| Cumulative diuresis, ml | |||||
| Day 1 | 1370 [1030–1821] | 1409 [1086–1845] | 1280 [850–1748] | < 0.001 | 0.165 |
| Day 2 | 2650 [2110–3320] | 2690 [2165–3345] | 2570 [1965–3275] | < 0.001 | 0.105 |
| Cumulative colloid expansion after 48 h; ml | 250 [0–500] | 250 [0–500] | 500 [0–750] | < 0.001 | 0.304 |
| Cumulative crystalloid expansion after 48 h, ml | 1306 [990–1647] | 1274 [956–1575] | 1422 [1058–1807] | < 0.001 | 0.412 |
| Creatinine; µmol l−1 | |||||
| Post CPB | 79 [65–97] | 77 [64–94] | 82 [67–105] | < 0.001 | 0.189 |
| Day 1 | 88 [69–121] | 84 [67–111] | 100 [74–143] | < 0.001 | 0.310 |
| Day 2 | 80 [63–116] | 76 [61–104] | 92 [68–154] | < 0.001 | 0.356 |
| PaO2, mmHg | |||||
| Post CPB | 183 [52–292] | 189 [54–296] | 171 [49–282] | < 0.001 | 0.092 |
| Day 1 | 108 [73–144] | 108 [73- 143] | 109 [73–146] | 0.32 | 0.031 |
| Day 2 | 88 [71–113] | 88 [71–113] | 89 [70–115] | 0.996 | 0.356 |
| ASAT, UI | |||||
| Post CPB | 50 [35–73] | 48 [34- 69] | 57 [37–84] | < 0.001 | 0.118 |
| Day 1 | 64 [43–102] | 60 [42–92] | 74 [47–130] | < 0.001 | 0.115 |
| Day 2 | 54 [36–90] | 51 [35–80] | 64 [39–119] | < 0.001 | 0.150 |
| ICU stay, days | 3 [2–4] | 3 [2–4] | 3 [2–6] | < 0.001 | 0.301 |
Data are presented as medians [interquartile ranges] or numbers (percentages). BMI: body-mass index, CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass, CABG: cardiopulmonary bypass, ICU: intensive care unit, CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass, SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, ASAT: aspartate-amino-transferase, SMD: mean standardized difference