Table 3.
Process of care and biochemical characteristics during exposure period
| Characteristic | All (n = 1834) |
No MAKE30 (n = 1315) |
MAKE30 (n = 519) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cumulative fluid balance, ml | 4503 (2140–7158) | 4127 (1864–6755) | 5258 (2777–8132) | < 0.001 |
| Acute kidney injurya | 568 (31.0%) | 338 (25.7%) | 230 (44.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Urine output criteriab | 224 (12.3%) | 133 (10.2%) | 91 (17.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine criteriac | 443 (24.2%) | 253 (19.2%) | 190 (36.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Cumulative chloride dose | 0.86 | |||
| < 500 mmol | 370/1834 (20.2%) | 264/1315 (20.1%) | 106/519 (20.4%) | |
| 500–999 mmol | 884/1834 (48.2%) | 639/1315 (48.6%) | 245/519 (47.2%) | |
| ≥ 1000 mmol | 580/1834 (31.6%) | 412/1315 (31.3%) | 168/519 (32.4%) | |
| Highest noradrenaline infusion rate | < 0.001 | |||
| ≤ 0.10 µg/kg/min | 533/1834 (29.1%) | 405/1315 (30.8%) | 128/519 (24.7%) | |
| 0.11–0.20 µg/kg/min | 519/1834 (28.3%) | 389/1315 (29.6%) | 130/519 (25.0%) | |
| > 0.20 µg/kg/min | 782/1834 (42.6%) | 521/1315 (39.6%) | 261/519 (50.3%) | |
| Vasopressin infusion | 61/1834 (3.3%) | 39/1315 (3.0%) | 22/519 (4.2%) | 0.17 |
| Inotropic supportd | 388/1834 (21.2%) | 256/1315 (19.5%) | 132/519 (25.4%) | 0.005 |
| Duration of MAP < 65 mmHg | 0.17 | |||
| < 5 h | 753/1805 (41.7%) | 544/1293 (42.1%) | 209/512 (40.8%) | |
| 5–10 h | 413/1805 (22.9%) | 307/1293 (23.7%) | 106/512 (20.7%) | |
| > 10 h | 639/1805 (35.4%) | 442/1293 (34.2%) | 197/512 (38.5%) | |
| Duration of MAP < 55 mmHg | < 0.001 | |||
| < 5 h | 1680 (93.1%) | 1221 (94.4%) | 459 (89.7%) | |
| 5–10 h | 75 (4.2%) | 47 (3.6%) | 28 (5.5%) | |
| > 10 h | 50 (2.8%) | 25 (1.9%) | 25 (4.9%) | |
| Vancomycin administration | 134/1834 (7.3%) | 85/1315 (6.5%) | 49/519 (9.4%) | 0.027 |
| Aminoglycoside administration | 341/1834 (18.6%) | 244/1315 (18.6%) | 97/519 (18.7%) | 0.95 |
| Hydroxyethyl starch administration | 289/1834 (15.8%) | 212/1315 (16.1%) | 77/519 (14.8%) | 0.74 |
| Furosemide administration | 1292/1834 (70.4%) | 902/1315 (68.6%) | 390/519 (75.1%) | 0.006 |
| Red blood cell transfusion | 655/1834 (35.7%) | 458/1315 (34.8%) | 197/519 (38.0%) | 0.16 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation during exposure period | 982/1834 (53.5%) | 675/1315 (51.3%) | 307/519 (59.2%) | 0.002 |
| Blood lactate > 2 mmol/l | 1419/1821 (77.9%) | 994/1305 (76.2%) | 425/516 (82.4%) | 0.004 |
| Highest chloride level | 0.32 | |||
| < 108 mmol/l | 457/1821 (25.1%) | 316/1305 (24.2%) | 141/516 (27.3%) | |
| 108–111 mmol/l | 622/1821 (34.2%) | 446/1305 (34.2%) | 176/516 (34.1%) | |
| > 111 mmol/l | 742/1821 (40.7%) | 543/1305 (41.6%) | 199/516 (38.6%) | |
| Highest C-reactive protein, mg/l | 298 (213–362) | 300 (222–362) | 291 (191–358) | 0.11 |
| Highest bilirubin level | < 0.001 | |||
| < 20 µmol/l | 897/1722 (52.1%) | 678/1232 (55.0%) | 219/490 (44.7%) | |
| 20–32 µmol/l | 388/1722 (22.5%) | 277/1232 (22.5%) | 111/490 (22.7%) | |
| > 32 µmol/l | 437/1722 (25.4%) | 277/1232 (22.5%) | 160/490 (32.7%) | |
| Lowest platelet count | < 0.001 | |||
| ≥ 150 | 770/1804 (42.7%) | 609/1294 (47.1%) | 161/510 (31.6%) | |
| 100–149 | 383/1804 (21.2%) | 274/1294 (21.2%) | 109/510 (21.4%) | |
| < 100 | 651/1804 (36.1%) | 411/1294 (31.8%) | 240/510 (47.1%) | |
Values are n/n with available data (%) or median (IQR)
MAKE30 major adverse kidney events within 30 days, MAP mean arterial pressure
aDefined based on changes in plasma creatinine and/or oliguria according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria
bUrine output < 0.5 ml/kg/hour for at least 6 consecutive hours
cIncrease in plasma creatinine to ≥ 1.5 times baseline or by 26.5 µmol/l or to ≥ 353.6 µmol/l
dInotropic support was defined as a continuous infusion of either adrenaline, dobutamine, levosimendan or milrinone