Table 1.

Results of ANOSIM and PERMANOVA based on Jaccard and Bray–Curtis distances

Beta diversity distance	Microbial community	Sample size	Aphid clades		Geographic region		Host plant
			ANOSIM (R, P)	PERMANOVA (R2, P)	ANOSIM (R, P)	PERMANOVA (R2, P)	ANOSIM (R, P)	PERMANOVA (R2, P)
Jaccard	Bacteria	n ≥ 1	0.164, 0.195	0.323, 0.009	− 0.163, 0.933	0.326, 0.899	0.008, 0.456	0.508, 0.271
		n ≥ 3	− 0.153, 0.734	0.055, 0.222	0.016, 0.379	0.260, 0.307	–	–
	Symbionts	n ≥ 1	0.181, 0.180	0.363, 0.008	− 0.163, 0.935	0.314, 0.898	0.038, 0.401	0.533, 0.248
		n ≥ 3	− 0.129, 0.665	0.059, 0.206	0.045, 0.274	0.272, 0.260	–	–
	Secondary symbionts	n ≥ 1	0.627, 0.003	0.252, < 0.001	− 0.073, 0.723	0.435, 0.521	− 0.019, 0.550	0.375, 0.472
		n ≥ 3	0.640, 0.008	0.196, < 0.001	0.388, < 0.001	0.484, < 0.001	–	–
Bray–Curtis	Bacteria	n ≥ 1	0.164, 0.186	0.444, 0.008	− 0.163, 0.929	0.301, 0.882	0.008, 0.459	0.602, 0.264
		n ≥ 3	− 0.153, 0.741	0.057, 0.236	0.016, 0.374	0.258, 0.330	–	–
	Symbionts	n ≥ 1	0.181, 0.180	0.492, 0.009	− 0.163, 0.932	0.292, 0.882	0.038, 0.409	0.630, 0.242
		n ≥ 3	− 0.129, 0.669	0.060, 0.218	0.045, 0.271	0.268, 0.294	–	–
	Secondary symbionts	n ≥ 1	0.627, 0.003	0.303, < 0.001	− 0.073, 0.728	0.427, 0.559	− 0.019, 0.550	0.374, 0.506
		n ≥ 3	0.640, 0.006	0.244, < 0.001	0.388, < 0.001	0.535, < 0.001	–	–

Statistically significant P values (P < 0.05) are highlighted in italics