Table 2.

Occurrence of antimicrobial compounds in raw wastewater (hospital effluents and WWTP influent) and treated wastewater in ng/L, partly adapted from (Felis et al. 2020)

Class/compound	Raw wastewater	Treated wastewater
β-Lactams Penicillin G	18–6196 (Loos et al. 2013, 2018; Ruff et al. 2015), 13800 (Watkinson et al. 2009)	47–1205 (Loos et al. 2013, 2018; Ruff et al. 2015), 2000 (Watkinson et al. 2009)
Penicillin V	nd-160 (Gros et al. 2013; Michael et al. 2013)
Amoxicillin	33800 (Azanu et al. 2018b), 2.0–57, hospital effluent (Azanu et al. 2018b; Thai et al. 2018)	nd-116400 (Gros et al. 2013; Azanu et al. 2018b)
Cefotaxime	1100 (Watkinson et al. 2009)	< 15 (Watkinson et al. 2009)
Cefuroxime	49–24380 (Ribeiro et al. 2018), 246, hospital effluent (Thai et al. 2018)	7860 pharma factory (Thai et al. 2018)
Aminoglycosides Kanamycin B	500–7500 (Tahrani et al. 2016)	700–5400 (Tahrani et al. 2016)
Sisomicin	2300–6700 (Tahrani et al. 2016)	1000–3900 (Tahrani et al. 2016)
Gentamicin	500–1600 (Tahrani et al. 2016), 400–7600 (Löffler and Ternes 2003)	200–600 (Tahrani et al. 2016)
Neomycin	1800–16400 (Tahrani et al. 2016)	400–11200 (Tahrani et al. 2016)
Amikacin	2300 (Tahrani et al. 2016)	1000 (Tahrani et al. 2016)
Streptomycin	2700 (Tahrani et al. 2016)	1200 (Tahrani et al. 2016)
Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin	3700 (Verlicchi et al. 2012), 34500 (Matongo et al. 2015), 3600–101000, hospital effluent (Lindberg et al. 2004) 1400–26000, hospital effluent (Verlicchi et al. 2012)	1100 (Verlicchi et al. 2012)
Levofloxacin		4–836 (Rossmann et al. 2014)
Ofloxacin	11.1–1330 (Birošová et al. 2014; Dong et al. 2016), 23–510 hospital effluent (Verlicchi et al. 2012)	0.3–527 (Golovko et al. 2014; Dong et al. 2016)
Norfloxacin	<LOQ-5411 (Dong et al. 2016; Östman et al. 2017), 450–2200, hospital effluent (Verlicchi et al. 2012)	0.2–628 (He and Blaney 2015; Dong et al. 2016)
Sulfonamides Sulfamethoxazole	6500, 8700, 13000, 2000, 54800 (Lindberg et al. 2004; Verlicchi et al. 2012; Santos et al. 2013; Ngumba et al. 2016)	3340 (Ngumba et al. 2016)
Sulfapyrydyne	60–230 (Göbel et al. 2005)	0.4–230 (Göbel et al. 2005)
Sulfamethazine	4010 (Li and Zhang 2011)
Trimethoprim	1500–6000 (Verlicchi et al. 2012; Kosma et al. 2014), 4250–72900 (Ngumba et al. 2016), 100–4300 (Göbel et al. 2005; Watkinson et al. 2009; Li and Zhang 2011), < 3000, hospital effluent (Santos et al. 2013)	60–3000 70, 65–800 (Göbel et al. 2005; Li and Zhang 2011; Loos et al. 2018)
Tetracyclines Tetracycline	58–1960 (Azanu et al. 2018b; Lorenzo et al. 2018), 13–1598, hospital effluent (Azanu et al. 2018b; Lorenzo et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2018a)	1400–146000 (Opriş et al. 2013; Vergeynst et al. 2015)
Doxycycline	1.8–264 (Azanu et al. 2018b; Hanna et al. 2018), 24–120, hospital effluent (Azanu et al. 2018b) 75–1487, hospital effluent (Azanu et al. 2018b; Wang et al. 2018a)	2210 (Lindberg et al. 2006), 1420(Minh et al. 2009), 14–49(Azanu et al. 2018b)
Oxytetracycline	350 (Watkinson et al. 2009), 43–233 (Azanu et al. 2018a), 24–120 hospital effluent (Azanu et al. 2018b)	250 (Watkinson et al. 2009), 2.4–24(Azanu et al. 2018a)
Chlortetracycline	270 (Yang et al. 2005)
Macrolides Erythromycin	830 (Ternes et al. 2007), 1100 (Matongo et al. 2015), 9–294 (Tylová et al. 2013)	620 (Ternes et al. 2007), 160 (Matongo et al. 2015), 886 (Gracia-Lor et al. 2012; Tylová et al. 2013)
Tylosin	1150 (Yang and Carlson 2004), 55–180 (Watkinson et al. 2007)	3400 (Watkinson et al. 2009)
Roxithromycin	810 (Göbel et al. 2005)	540 (Göbel et al. 2005)
Azithromycin	450 (Petrovic et al. 2006), 1083 (Lara-Martín et al. 2014)	400 (Göbel et al. 2005), 0–380 (Al Aukidy et al. 2012; Lara-Martín et al. 2014)
Clarithromycin	1433 (Lin et al. 2009), 122 (Watkinson et al. 2009; Lara-Martín et al. 2014)	996 (Spongberg and Witter 2008), 8–460 (Al Aukidy et al. 2012; Gracia-Lor et al. 2012; Lara-Martín et al. 2014)

nd not detected, LOQ limit of quantification