Table 1.
Bivariate Bravais–Pearson correlations and partial correlations controlling for HDI 2019 between vaccination rates and indicators of human, economic, and social capital indicators.
| Variables | Bivariate correlations |
Partial correlations when controlling for the HDI 2019 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metric | People fully vaccinated per hundred, Feb. 2022 (OWID) | People fully vaccinated per hundred, July 2021 (OWID) | Infants immunized for measles for 1-year olds, 2019 (HDR) | Human Development Index (HDI) 2019 | Metric | People fully vaccinated per hundred, Feb. 2022 (OWID) | Infants immunized for measles at 12 months, 2019 (%) (UNDP HDR) | |
| People fully vaccinated per hundred, Feb. 2022 (OWID) | Pearson correlation | 1 | 0.739** | 0.623** | 0.847** | N/A | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | x | ||||
| N | 146 | 130 | 142 | 139 | ||||
| People fully vaccinated per hundred, July 2021 (OWID) | Pearson correlation | 0.693** | 1 | 0.404** | 0.695** | N/A | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| N | 138 | 144 | 139 | 143 | ||||
| Human Development Index (HDI) 2019 | Pearson correlation | 0.826** | 0.695** | 0.622** | 1 | N/A | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| N | 145 | 143 | 147 | 152 | ||||
| Life expectancy at birth 2019 (HDI component) | Pearson correlation | 0.836** | 0.647** | 0.638** | 0.923** | N/A | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Component of HDI | |||
| N | 146 | 144 | 148 | 152 | ||||
| Mean years of schooling 2019 (HDI component) | Pearson correlation | 0.688** | 0.594** | 0.575** | 0.924** | N/A | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Component of HDI | |||
| N | 145 | 142 | 147 | 150 | ||||
| Expected years of schooling 2019 (HDI component) | Pearson correlation | 0.788** | 0.643** | 0.575** | 0.915** | N/A | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Component of HDI | |||
| N | 142 | 139 | 147 | 147 | ||||
| GNI per capita 2019 in 2017 PPP (HDI component) | Pearson correlation | 0.706** | 0.744** | 0.422** | 0.818** | N/A | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Component of HDI | |||
| N | 142 | 139 | 147 | 147 | ||||
| Inequality in life expectancy 2015–2020 (HDR data set) | Pearson correlation | −0.793** | −0.641** | −0.668** | −0.936** | N/A | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Collinear with HDI | |||
| N | 143 | 140 | 148 | 148 | ||||
| Inequality in education 2019 (HDR data set) | Pearson correlation | −0.663** | −0.530** | −0.584** | −0.847** | N/A | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Collinear with HDI | |||
| N | 137 | 135 | 142 | 143 | ||||
| Inequality in income 2019 (HDR data set) | Pearson correlation | −0.286** | −0.337** | −0.302** | −0.378** | Partial correlation | 0.037 | −0.099 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.683 | 0.266 | |
| N | 126 | 123 | 130 | 131 | df | 123 | 127 | |
| Gini Index 2019 (HDR data set) | Pearson correlation | −0.298** | −0.242** | −0.262** | −0.335** | Partial correlation | −0.023 | −0.092 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.799 | 293 | |
| N | 132 | 130 | 134 | 137 | df | 128 | 130 | |
| PISA Score for Reading 2018 (OWID) | Pearson correlation | 0.529** | 0.428** | 0.295* | 0.791** | Partial correlation | 0.159 | 0.082 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.209 | 0.518 | |
| N | 65 | 67 | 66 | 67 | df | 62 | 63 | |
| PISA Score for Mathematics 2018 (OWID) | Pearson correlation | 0.451** | 0.375** | 0.309* | 0.748** | Partial correlation | 0.044 | 0.113 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.727 | 0.367 | |
| N | 66 | 68 | 67 | 68 | df | 63 | 64 | |
| PISA Score for Science 2018 (OWID) | Pearson correlation | 0.513** | 0.379** | 0.285* | 0.732** | Partial correlation | 0.168 | 0.080 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.182 | 0.522 | |
| N | 66 | 68 | 67 | 68 | df | 63 | 64 | |
| World Bank - Poverty ratio | Pearson correlation | −0.641** | −0.580** | −0.560** | −0.670** | Partial correlation | −0.225 | −0.261 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.116 | 0.061 | |
| N | 51 | 51 | 50 | 51 | df | 48 | 47 | |
| World Bank - National poverty ratio | Pearson correlation | −0.637** | −0.494** | −0.536** | −0.705** | Partial correlation | −0.167 | −0.213* |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.066 | 0.018 | |
| N | 123 | 120 | 125 | 127 | df | 119 | 121 | |
| Extreme poverty rate (OWID) | Pearson correlation | −0.654** | −0.468** | −0.389** | −0.770** | Partial correlation | −0.068 | 0.065 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.496 | 0.521 | |
| N | 145 | 97 | 102 | 103 | df | 100 | 99 | |
| Corruption Perception Index CPI 2020 (Transparency International) | Pearson correlation | 0.689** | 0.663** | 0.480** | 0.766** | Partial correlation | 0.135* | −0.004 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.109 | 0.965 | |
| N | 144 | 142 | 146 | 150 | df | 140 | 142 | |
| Share of people who trust their national government 2018 (OWID, from Wellcome Global Monitor) | Pearson correlation | 0.053 | −0.069 | 0.182* | −0.066 | Partial correlation | 0.217* | 0.266* |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.564 | 0.462 | 0.046 | 0.463 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.018 | 0.003 | |
| N | 120 | 116 | 121 | 124 | df | 117 | 118 | |
| Share of people who trust doctors and nurses in their country 2018 (OWID, from Wellcome Global Monitor) | Pearson correlation | 0.575** | 0.413** | 0.497** | 0.536** | Partial correlation | 0.267* | 0.272* |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.002 | 0.002 | |
| N | 129 | 126 | 131 | 134 | df | 126 | 128 | |
| Health expenditure % of GDP in 2017 (HDR data set) | Pearson correlation | 0.348** | 0.326** | 0.270** | 0.387** | Partial correlation | 0.014 | 0.054 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.868 | 0.523 | |
| N | 138 | 136 | 142 | 144 | df | 135 | 139 | |
| Physicians per 1000 people 2019 (HDR data set) | Pearson correlation | 0.620** | 0.576** | 0.511** | 0.775** | Partial correlation | −0.033 | 0.076 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.698 | 0.368 | |
| N | 139 | 136 | 145 | 144 | df | 135 | 141 | |
| Hospital beds per 1000 people 2019 (HDR data set) | Pearson correlation | 0.394** | 0.309** | 0.399** | 0.564** | Partial correlation | −0.149 | 0.078 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.092 | 0.375 | |
| N | 131 | 128 | 135 | 134 | df | 127 | 131 | |
| Cardiovascular death rate (OWID) | Pearson correlation | −0.497** | −0.376** | −0.221** | −0.410** | Partial correlation | −0.300** | 0.055 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.520 | |
| N | 145 | 137 | 142 | 144 | df | 141 | 138 | |
| Prevalence of diabetes (OWID) | Pearson correlation | 0.238** | 0.120 | 0.125 | 0.269** | Partial correlation | 0.031 | −0.056 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.004 | 0.165 | 0.139 | 0.001 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.714 | 0.509 | |
| N | 144 | 136 | 141 | 144 | df | 141 | 138 | |
| Infants immunized for measles at 12 months, 2019 (%) (UNDP HDR) | Pearson correlation | 0.623** | 0.404** | 1 | 0.622** | Partial correlation | 0.231** | N/A |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.006 | |||
| N | 142 | 139 | 148 | 147 | df | 138 | ||
Partial correlations that are statistically significant for P = 5% are marked in bold.
Source: Authors' analysis on publicly available data from OWID, UNDP HDR, Transparency International, and The World Bank.
∗∗Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
∗Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).