Figure 2.

Mechanisms leading to the loss of gut barrier integrity in lupus. The following mechanisms can compromise a healthy gut (left) leading to a leaky gut (right), singly or in combination, 1. The reduction or even loss of SCFA-producing bacteria is linked to alterations of the mucus layer lining the gut. 2. Expansion of mucin-degrading bacteria, such as R. gnavus, promotes gut leakage. 3. Frequent intestinal infections induce inflammation and tissue damage. 4. The overactive immune system leads to chronic inflammation and recruitment of inflammatory cells. 5. Proinflammatory cytokines affect gut integrity. 6. Some lupus treatments cause damage on gut barrier function.