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. 2022 Jun 20;13:919792. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919792

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Copyright © 2022 Ma and Morel

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A leaky gut exacerbates lupus progression. 1. Leaky gut-mediated bacterial translocation has been linked to the initiation of autoimmune responses. 2. Increased enterocyte cell death in leaky gut activates innate immune cells, inducing an overactive immune system. 3. The phagocytosis of invading bacteria by innate immune cells promotes inflammation. 4. Upon pro-inflammatory signaling, more immune cells are recruited to the leaky gut area. 5. Immune cell focal aggregation triggers local inflammation. 6. Enhanced local inflammation causes gut microbial dysbiosis and dysregulated fecal metabolites, both of which are related to lupus progression. 7. Bacteria and bacterial products can translocate into the blood stream through impaired blood vessels and then induce autoimmunity in systemic organs.