Table 1.
Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis of risk factors for CRKP and CRAB co-infected patients (case group) compared to control patients with CRKP infection alone (control group A) and control patients with CRAB infection alone (control group B).
| Variable | case group (n = 94) n (%)/median (IQR) | control group n (%)/median (IQR) |
P value | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (n=94) | B (n=94) | OR | 95%CI for HR | P value | |||
| Baseline disease | |||||||
| Diabetes | 12 (12.8) | 5 (5.3) | 7 (7.4) | 0.169 | |||
| Heart dysfunction | 23 (24.5) | 23 (24.5) | 16 (17.0) | 0.363 | |||
| Chronic liver diseases | 17 (18.1) | 9 (9.6) | 12 (12.8) | 0.225 | |||
| Chronic nephrosis | 17 (18.1) | 20 (21.3) | 15 (16.0) | 0.639 | |||
| Malignancy | 7 (7.4) | 7 (7.4) | 13 (13.8) | 0.229 | |||
| Fracture | 13 (13.8) | 9 (9.6) | 9 (9.6) | 0.560 | |||
| Therapeutic processes before infection | |||||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 71 (75.5) | 56 (59.6) | 76 (80.9) | 0.003 | |||
| Peripheral arterial catheter | 38 (40.4) | 22 (23.4) | 29 (30.9) | 0.042 | |||
| Central venous catheter | 49 (52.1) | 38 (40.4) | 49 (52.1) | 0.179 | |||
| Surgery | 49 (52.1) | 49 (52.1) | 50 (53.2) | 0.986 | |||
| Stomach tube | 13 (13.8) | 4 (4.3) | 16 (17.0) | 0.018 | |||
| Urinary catheter | 65 (69.1) | 60 (63.8) | 61 (64.9) | 0.718 | |||
| CRRT | 17 (18.1) | 16 (17.0) | 7 (7.4) | 0.071 | |||
| ECMO | 9 (9.6) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.1) | 0.007 | |||
| Fiberoptic bronchoscopy | 31 (33.0) | 7 (7.4) | 13 (13.8) | <0.001 | 2.72 | 1.35-5.47 | 0.005 |
| History of repeat transfusions | 69 (73.4) | 43 (45.7) | 43 (45.7) | <0.001 | 2.23 | 1.24-4.03 | 0.008 |
| Hemodialysis and plasma exchange | 9 (9.6) | 5 (5.3) | 5 (5.3) | 0.405 | |||
| Total hospital stay before infection, days (median, IQR) |
18 (2-99) | 7 (1-35) | 9 (1-37) | <0.001 | |||
| Exposure to antibiotics before infection | |||||||
| Penicillins | 45 (47.9) | 38 (40.4) | 44 (46.8) | 0.540 | |||
| Cephalosporins | 51 (54.3) | 39 (41.5) | 55 (58.5) | 0.052 | |||
| β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor | 67 (71.3) | 52 (55.3) | 58 (61.7) | 0.075 | |||
| Carbapenems | 33 (35.1) | 25 (26.6) | 21 (22.3) | 0.140 | |||
| Aminoglycosides | 8 (8.5) | 6 (6.4) | 2 (2.1) | 0.156 | |||
| Fluoroquinolones | 8 (8.5) | 5 (5.7) | 11 (11.7) | 0.292 | |||
| Glycopepetides | 37 (39.4) | 28 (29.8) | 24 (25.5) | 0.113 | |||
| Polymyxin | 6 (6.4) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.027 | |||
| Tigecyclines | 15 (16.0) | 4 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 6.58 | 1.97-22.02 | 0.002 |
| Outcomes | |||||||
| 30-day mortality | 30 (31.9) | 18 (19.1) | 15 (16.0) | 0.021 | |||
| 180-day mortality | 35 (37.2) | 22 (23.4) | 15 (16.0) | 0.003 | |||
| Total hospital stay, days (median, IQR) | 35 (4-155) | 19(3-150) | 23 (4-78) | <0.001 | |||
| length of hospital stay after infection (median, IQR) | 16 (1-110) | 8 (1-148) | 13 (1-69) | <0.001 | |||
| Bacterial removal | 44 (46.8) | 49 (52.1) | 52 (55.3) | 0.499 | |||
| Effective treatment | 54 (57.4) | 69 (73.4) | 74 (78.7)) | 0.004 | |||
Data are expressed as n (%) unless stated otherwise. Variables with p < 0.2 in the univariate analysis were considered for the multivariate model. Bolded P values indicate statistical differences between the case group and the two control groups.
CRKP, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae; CRAB, Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; IQR, interquartile range; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.