Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all patients according to serum α-Klotho quartilea.
| Characteristics |
Total participants (n = 8,615) |
Serum α-Klotho quartile (pg/ml) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (n = 2,154) | Quartile 2 (n = 2,153) | Quartile 3 (n = 2,154) | Quartile 4 (n = 2,154) | P -value | ||
| α-Klotho, pg/ml | 797.0 (646.5–988.1) | 550.4 (481.6–601.3)** | 720.9 (684.2–758.2)** | 879.5 (835.8–930.3)** | 1172.8 (1065.8–1343.9) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 61.0 (52.0–69.0) | 62.0 (53.0–70.0)** | 61.0 (52.0–69.0)** | 60.0 (51.0–68.0) | 60.0 (50.0–67.0) | <0.001 |
| Male, % | 3,967 (46.0) | 1078 (50.0)** | 1048 (48.7)** | 953 (44.2)* | 888 (41.2) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.4 (25.7–33.9) | 29.5 (26.1–33.9) | 29.4 (25.7–33.8) | 29.3 (25.6–34.0) | 29.4 (25.6–34.0) | 0.467 |
| Ethnicity, % | ||||||
| Non-hispanic white | 4,207 (48.8) | 1068 (49.6)** | 1157 (53.7)** | 1087 (50.5)** | 895 (41.6) | <0.001 |
| Non-hispanic black | 1,753 (20.3) | 451 (20.9)** | 365 (17.0)** | 369 (17.1)** | 568 (26.4) | |
| Other | 2,655 (30.8) | 635 (29.5)** | 631 (29.3)** | 698 (32.4)** | 691 (32.1) | |
| Education, % | 0.048 | |||||
| Lower than high school | 2,266 (26.3) | 586 (27.2)** | 560 (26.0) | 550 (25.5) | 570 (26.5) | |
| High school | 1,948 (22.6) | 528 (24.5)** | 474 (22.0) | 496 (23.0) | 450 (20.9) | |
| More than high school | 4,401 (51.1) | 1,040 (48.3)** | 1,119 (52.0) | 1,108 (51.4) | 1,134 (52.6) | |
| Smoking status, % | <0.001 | |||||
| Never smoker | 4,232 (49.1) | 954 (44.3)** | 985 (45.8)** | 1,088 (50.5)* | 1,205 (55.9) | |
| Current smoker | 1,549 (18.0) | 435 (20.2)** | 415 (19.3)** | 372 (17.3)* | 327 (15.2) | |
| Ex-smoker | 2,834 (32.9) | 765 (35.5)** | 753 (35.0)** | 694 (32.2)* | 622 (28.9) | |
| White blood cell counts, 103/μl | 6.9 (5.7–8.4) | 7.1 (5.8–8.6)** | 7.0 (5.9–8.4)** | 6.9 (5.6–8.3)* | 6.7 (5.5–8.1) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | 2.0 (1.5–2.7) | 2.1 (1.5–2.8)** | 2.0 (1.5–2.7)** | 2.0 (1.5–2.6)** | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | <0.001 |
| Platelet counts, 103/μl | 234.0 (198.0–279.0) | 239.0 (202.0–283.0)** | 237.0 (201.0–280.0)** | 233.0 (197.0–278.0)* | 229.5 (192.0–273.0) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.0 (4.3–5.7) | 4.9 (4.2–5.8) | 5.0 (4.3–5.7) | 5.0 (4.3–5.7) | 5.0 (4.3–5.7) | 0.225 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.3 (1.3–1.3) | 1.3 (1.3–1.3)** | 1.3 (1.3–1.3)** | 1.3 (1.3–1.3)** | 1.3 (1.2–1.3) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.9 (2.9–2.9) | 2.9 (2.9–2.9) | 2.9 (2.9–2.9) | 2.9 (2.9–2.9) | 2.9 (2.9–2.9) | 0.123 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.4 (0.4) 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.4 (0.4) 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.4 (0.4) 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.4 (0.4) 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 0.143 |
| Serum calcium, mmol/L | 2.4 (2.3–2.4) | 2.4 (2.3–2.4)* | 2.4 (2.3–2.4) | 2.4 (2.3–2.4) | 2.4 (2.3–2.4) | 0.028 |
| Serum phosphorus, mmol/L | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 0.188 |
| Urine albumin, mg/L | 8.4 (4.3–18.8) | 8.5 (4.4–23.1)** | 8.4 (4.3–18.9) | 7.9 (4.2–16.8) | 8.4 (4.2–18.5) | 0.004 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration | 85.6 (70.1–98.1) | 80.7 (63.2–94.5)** | 84.8 (69.7–98.0)** | 87.0 (72.1–98.3)** | 89.1 (75.6–100.6) | <0.001 |
| rate, ml/min/1.73m2 | ||||||
| HbA1c | 5.7 (5.4–6.3) | 5.8 (5.4–6.3) | 5.7 (5.4–6.2)** | 5.7 (5.4–6.2)** | 5.8 (5.4–6.4) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake, kcal | 1814.0 (1346.0–2392.0) | 1831.0 (1339.2–2417.0) | 1824.0 (1362.0–2386.0) | 1801.0 (1338.2–2386.5) | 1812.0 (1352.5–2376.0) | 0.929 |
| Total fat intake, gm | 67.7 (44.8–97.2) | 67.5 (44.0–99.5) | 68.1 (45.1–97.4) | 67.0 (44.5–97.3) | 67.8 (45.8–94.5) | 0.810 |
| Current drinking, % | 1,866 (21.7) | 538 (25.0)** | 521 (24.2)** | 431 (20.0)* | 376 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, % | 0.003 | |||||
| Does not meet guidelines | 6,404 (74.3) | 1,638 (76.0) | 1,540 (71.5)** | 1,597 (74.1) | 1,629 (75.6) | |
| Meets guidelines | 2,211 (25.7) | 516 (24.0) | 613 (28.5)** | 557 (25.9) | 525 (24.4) | |
| Diabetes, % | 2,090 (24.3) | 574 (26.6) | 490 (22.8)* | 480 (22.3)** | 546 (25.3) | 0.002 |
| Hypertension, % | 5,204 (60.4) | 1,390 (64.5)** | 1,257 (58.4) | 1,254 (58.2) | 1,303 (60.5) | <0.001 |
| Statins, % | 3,311 (38.4) | 926 (43.0)** | 866 (40.2)** | 802 (37.2)** | 717 (33.3) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics, % | 2,265 (26.3) | 634 (29.4) | 524 (24.3)** | 501 (23.3)** | 606 (28.1) | <0.001 |
| β-blockers, % | 1,537 (17.8) | 455 (21.1)** | 366 (17.0) | 358 (16.6) | 358 (16.6) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertension drugs, % | 4,152 (48.2) | 1,136 (52.7)** | 1,034 (48.0) | 988 (45.9) | 994 (46.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypoglycaemic agents, % | 2,001 (23.2) | 551 (25.6) | 469 (21.8) | 471 (21.9) | 510 (23.7) | 0.009 |
| Outcomes, % | ||||||
| Congestive heart failure | 461 (5.4) | 165 (7.7)** | 111 (5.2) | 96 (4.5) | 89 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 1,046 (12.1) | 318 (14.8)** | 259 (12.0) | 250 (11.6) | 219 (10.2) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 599 (7.0) | 198 (9.2)** | 153 (7.1)** | 137 (6.4) | 111 (5.2) | <0.001 |
| Angina pectoris | 378 (4.4) | 102 (4.7) | 88 (4.1) | 93 (4.3) | 95 (4.4) | 0.771 |
| Stroke | 499 (5.8) | 153 (7.1)* | 117 (5.4) | 113 (5.2) | 116 (5.4) | 0.028 |
LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; Antihypertensive drugs included angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers; Hypoglycaemic agents included oral drugs and insulin injection.
a
Values for categorical and continuous variables are expressed as n (%) and median (interquartile ranges), respectively.
*
p < 0.05 and
**
p < 0.01, compared to quartile 4.