Figure 4.

The in vitro modulatory effects of GA-conjugated extract at 5 μg/mL concentration on HFF-1 human dermal fibroblasts by evaluation of apoptosis rate, collagen quantification, and expression of genes related to wound healing processes. (a, b) Representative flow cytometry of cell cultures in the apoptosis analysis with and without extract supplementation. (c) Comparison of dead and live cell frequency between culture extract supplemented and control by the Student t-test. Data are presented as relative percentage of control calculated from three replications. (d) Collagen concentration in fibroblasts 24, 48, and 72 h cell cultures compared by one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey test. Data are presented as relative percentage of control. Different letters indicated significant differences at p < 0.05. (e) Gene expression: values are normalized by beta-actin 1 gene and represent their value expressed in relation to the control with reference value 1 (dashed line in the graph).