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. 2022 Jun 20;13:910807. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.910807

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Copyright © 2022 Avellar, Oliveira, Caixeta, Souza, Teixeira, Faria, Silveira-Nunes, Faria and Maioli

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparison of cytokine levels in colostrum between healthy and GDM mothers. The concentrations of cytokines and chemokines were measured in colostrum by Luminex. The circles represent women classified as having a usual gestational risk. The squares represent women with GDM. A total of 25 samples were included in the analyses. Each geometric figure represents a participant. (A) IL-10, (B) IL-1ra, (C) IL-4, (D) IFN-γ, (E) IL-5, (F) IL-6. *p < 0.05. (G) Global profile of cytokines/chemokines in colostrum of postpartum women, according to risk classification during pregnancy. The radar graph shows the frequency of high producers of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and chemokines levels, and the contribution of each in the different categorizations (habitual risk and GDM).