Table 7.

Effects of melatonin on septic cardiomyopathy.

Melatonin dose	Route of administration	Effects	Model	References
20 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal	Suppressed septic cardiac injury, by regulating mitochondrial and ER activity, cytoskeletal organization	In vivo (mice)	(458)
30 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal	Mitigated septic cardiac injury via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling	In vivo (rats)	(472)
30 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal	Prevented sepsis-dependent mitochondrial injury, improved mitochondrial respiration	In vivo (mice)	(490)
30 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal & subcutaneous	Suppressed iNOS/imtNOS activity triggered by sepsis, restored mitochondrial function	In vivo (mice)	(491)
30 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal & subcutaneous	Inhibited iNOS/imtNOS activity, enhanced mitochondrial function, & nNOS/c-mtNOS	In vivo (mice)	(492)
30 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal	Regulated autophagy & apoptosis through modifying UCP2	In vivo (mice)	(473)
100 nM	–	Regulated autophagy & apoptosis through modifying UCP2	In vitro	(473)
30 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal & subcutaneous	Reduced NLRP3 level & activity, inhibited caspase-1 and IL-1β	In vivo (mice)	(493)
30 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal & subcutaneous	Upregulated cytochrome c oxidase, promoted systolic cardiac activity, reduced mortality	In vivo (rats)	(494)
30 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal	Activated SIRT1, regulated apoptosis & autophagy, suppressed septic cardiomyopathy	In vivo (mice)	(481)
10 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal	Prevented organ damage, free radical scavenger, & antioxidant activity	In vivo (rats)	(495)
10, 20 mg/kg 10–20 μM	Intraperitoneal	Stabilized BAP31 via ERK pathway, preserved cardiac function in septic cardiomyopathy	In vivo (mice) In vitro	(456)