Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by the incident disability during 3 years
|
Total
(n = 8,275) |
Incident disability | P a | ||
|
| ||||
|
Absent
(n = 7,652) |
Present
(n = 623) |
|||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 73.3 (5.9) | 72.7 (5.5) | 79.8 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| Gender: men (%) | 46.2% | 46.6% | 40.9% | 0.007 |
| Socio-economic statusb (%) | ||||
| Family number: one | 11.8% | 11.2% | 19.1% | <0.001 |
| Education (years): ≤9 | 22.8% | 22.0% | 32.1% | <0.001 |
| Perceived economic situation: poor | 19.2% | 19.3% | 18.6% | 0.728 |
| Health statusb (%) | ||||
| Body mass index: 18.5–24.9 | 72.0% | 72.5% | 65.5% | <0.001 |
| Chronic diseasesc: present | 62.0% | 61.4% | 68.9% | <0.001 |
| Health behaviorsb (%) | ||||
| Alcohol: daily drinkers | 26.9% | 27.3% | 21.8% | 0.003 |
| Smoking: current smokers | 9.3% | 9.4% | 8.2% | 0.313 |
| Regular dental visits: present | 51.2% | 51.9% | 42.2% | <0.001 |
| Mental functioningb (%) | ||||
| Depression: present | 23.5% | 22.0% | 41.1% | <0.001 |
| Cognitive functioning: poor | 15.8% | 14.4% | 33.9% | <0.001 |
| Social participationb (%) | ||||
| Participation in community activities | 47.6% | 48.5% | 37.2% | <0.001 |
| Participation in paid work | 22.6% | 23.7% | 9.0% | <0.001 |
| Informal social interactionsd: rarelye | 25.5% | 24.9% | 32.1% | <0.001 |
| Leisure activities (%) | ||||
| Physical leisure activities: involved | 61.2% | 62.3% | 47.5% | <0.001 |
| Cognitive leisure activities: involved | 55.9% | 56.5% | 48.6% | <0.001 |
SD standard deviation.
aMeans and proportions between the two groups were compared using the t test and the Chi-squared test.
bBased on the pooled data by multiple imputations.
cChronic diseases included hypertension, stroke, heart disease, and diabetes.
dInformal social interactions mean frequency of meeting friends and acquaintances.
eLess than once a month.