Table 3.
Environmental risk assessment among the study population.
| Total (n=500) |
History of dengue exposure |
p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=449) |
Yes (n=51) |
|||||||
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |||
| Travel to dengue endemic area | Yes | 60 | 12.0 | 9 | 2.0 | 51 | 100.0 | <0.001 |
| Shape of the house | Apartment | 484 | 96.8 | 436 | 97.1 | 48 | 94.1 | 0.251 |
| Dwelling | 16 | 3.2 | 13 | 2.9 | 3 | 5.9 | ||
| Type of building material | Red bricks | 500 | 100.0 | 449 | 100.0 | 51 | 100.0 | ND |
| Concrete | 500 | 100.0 | 449 | 100.0 | 51 | 100.0 | ||
| Presence of insects and rodents | No | 3 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.558 |
| Yes | 497 | 99.4 | 446 | 99.3 | 51 | 100.0 | ||
| House flies | 496 | 99.2 | 445 | 99.1 | 51 | 100.0 | 0.499 | |
| Mosquitos | 495 | 99.0 | 444 | 98.9 | 51 | 100.0 | 0.449 | |
| Creeping insects (ants, cockroaches) | 161 | 32.2 | 153 | 34.1 | 8 | 15.7 | 0.008 | |
| Rodents | 3 | 0.6 | 2 | 0.4 | 1 | 2.0 | 0.184 | |
| Presence of stray animals in residential places | No | 29 | 5.8 | 25 | 5.6 | 4 | 7.8 | 0.510 |
| Yes | 471 | 94.2 | 424 | 94.4 | 47 | 92.2 | ||
| Housing conditions favoring mosquito breeding | No | 3 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.558 |
| Yes | 497 | 99.4 | 446 | 99.3 | 51 | 100.0 | ||
| Presence of peridomestic water containers | 326 | 65.2 | 286 | 63.7 | 40 | 78.4 | 0.036 | |
| Having plants indoor | 319 | 63.8 | 280 | 62.4 | 39 | 76.5 | 0.047 | |
| Having plants outdoor | 485 | 97.0 | 435 | 96.9 | 50 | 98.0 | 0.646 | |
| Presence of a near-by water canal | 399 | 79.8 | 357 | 79.5 | 42 | 82.4 | 0.632 | |
| Presence of near-by water collection sites | 374 | 74.8 | 331 | 73.7 | 43 | 84.3 | 0.099 | |
| Presence of a near-by chocked sewage/drainage system | 344 | 68.8 | 305 | 67.9 | 39 | 76.5 | 0.211 | |
| Presence of near-by garbage heaps | 483 | 96.6 | 434 | 96.7 | 49 | 96.1 | 0.828 | |
| Availability of latrine in the house | No | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ND |
| Yes | 500 | 100.0 | 449 | 100.0 | 51 | 100.0 | ||
| Pit latrine | 2 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 3.9 | <0.001 | |
| V.I.P latrine | 294 | 58.8 | 265 | 59.0 | 29 | 56.9 | 0.767 | |
| Aqua privy | 205 | 41.0 | 184 | 41.0 | 21 | 41.2 | 0.978 | |
| Method of wastewater disposala | Sewerage system | 355 | 71.0 | 310 | 69.0 | 45 | 88.2 | 0.004 |
| Septic tank | 145 | 29.0 | 139 | 31.0 | 6 | 11.8 | 0.004 | |
| Method of solid waste disposal | Scattered | 485 | 97.0 | 434 | 96.7 | 51 | 100.0 | 0.185 |
| Burning | 228 | 45.6 | 214 | 47.7 | 14 | 27.5 | 0.006 | |
| Municipal | 321 | 64.2 | 279 | 62.1 | 42 | 82.4 | 0.004 | |
| Presence of animals in household, including pets | No | 475 | 95.0 | 425 | 94.7 | 50 | 98.0 | 0.134 |
| Yes | 25 | 5.0 | 24 | 5.3 | 1 | 2.0 | ||
| Cat | 3 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.558 | |
| Dog | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.736 | |
| Cattle | 23 | 4.6 | 22 | 4.9 | 1 | 2.0 | 0.342 | |
| Donkey | 3 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.558 | |
| Sheep | 3 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.558 | |
| Camel | 19 | 3.8 | 19 | 4.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.134 | |
| Hoarse | 2 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.633 | |
| Livestock bransb | None | 478 | 95.6 | 428 | 95.3 | 50 | 98.0 | 0.370 |
| In the backyard | 12 | 2.4 | 11 | 2.4 | 1 | 2.0 | 0.829 | |
| Far from house | 10 | 2.0 | 10 | 2.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.282 | |
| Total environmental risk score | 12.5±2.8 | 12.4±2.8 | 13.4±2.3 | t= −1.93 p= 0.057 | ||||
| Low | 169 | 33.8 | 157 | 35.0 | 12 | 23.5 | 0.130 | |
| Average | 322 | 64.4 | 283 | 63.0 | 39 | 76.5 | ||
| High | 9 | 1.8 | 9 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
a; no use of cesspool, trench, or open defecation was reported.
b; brans were not reported to be in the same household, or occupying the ground floor.