FIGURE 1.

Expected patterns of occupancy among red foxes, gray foxes, coyotes, and domestic dogs (left column). When only red and gray foxes occur (a), the two similar sized species are expected to spatially segregate with red foxes exploiting more resources in more open habitats closer to human structures and gray foxes primarily foraging in deciduous forest with trees providing refugia and openings and edges providing food resources. In parts of North America where only coyotes and gray foxes occur (b), gray foxes may shift to more anthropogenic habitats to reduce interactions with coyotes. When red foxes, gray foxes, and coyotes are all present (c), gray fox occupancy declines in the forest but is limited closer to human influences by exploitative competition with red foxes resulting in an overall decline in gray fox occupancy. Domestic dogs could further limit the occupancy of both fox species (d), dependent on the distance they commonly occur from human structures. Camera trap clusters (shown in right column) were established across southern Illinois, USA, along a gradient of % forest land cover (e), and additional covariates were derived based on cluster location relative to human structures (f)