Table 1.

Clinical trials targeting autophagy.

Condition	Intervention	Results	References
Refractory metastatic pancreatic Cancer	HCQ	No response to HCQ treatment	NCT01273805 (Wolpin et al, 2014)
Previously untreated Pancreatic Cancer	HCQ, Gemcitabine	No overall survival improvement or progression‐free survival with HCQ. Statistically significant response rate was increased in HCQ arm	NCT01506973 (Karasic et al, 2019)
Pancreatic Cancer	HCQ, gemcitabine, abraxane	Autophagy inhibition correlates with increased disease‐free survival. 61% of patients exhibited decrease in biomarker CA 19‐9. p53 mutational status did not affect response	NCT01978184 (Boone et al, 2015)
Solid Tumor	HCQ prior to surgical resection	Increase in apoptosis in resected tumors, no clinical outcomes reported	NCT02232243 (Wang et al, 2018)
Renal Cell Carcinoma	HCQ, everolimus	Increase in progression free survival with HCQ was observed.	NCT01510119 (Haas et al, 2019)
Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors	HCQ, temozolomide, Radiation	Results posted, no associated publications	NCT00486603
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma	HCQ, IL‐2	Results posted, no associated publications	NCT01550367
Glioblastoma	HCQ, temozolomide, radiation	No improvement in overall survival. Dose limiting toxicity prevented escalation of HCQ. Autophagy inhibition was not consistently achieved	NCT00486603 (Rosenfeld et al, 2014)